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Botany
Manzanilla is an erect
or ascending, aromatic,
somewhat hairy herb, 30 to 60 cm in height. Leaves are thin, pinnately lobed, ovate to oblong-ovate,
and 4 to 6 cm long. Lobes 2 to 3 on each side, ovate or oblong-ovate,
and sharply toothed. Upper surface of the leaves deep green while
the under surface gray-green. Flowering heads are yellow, peduncled, corymbosely
panicled, and 1.5 to 2.5 cm in diameter. Involucre bracts are oblong
or elliptic, as large as the achenes. Receptacle smooth or
pitted, not paleaceous. Ray flowers 1-seriate, female, ligule
spreading, disc flowers numerous, perfect, limb 4- to 5-fid. Fruits are achenes, very small, cuneate-oblong, somewhat
compressed and grooved.
Distribution
Widely cultivated for ornamental
and medicinal purposes.
Established in Benguet at 1,800 m altitude.
A native of China and Japan, now cultivated in most warm countries.
Constituents
Volatile oils (kiku oil),
0.16%; glucoside; chrysanthemin, 7%; anthocyanin.
The active ingredient is chrysanthemin.
Essential oil contains chrysanthenone.
A glucoside, chrysanthemin, an isomer of asterin, has been isolated from the flowers of the red variety.
From the "Ruby King" variety, a glucoside has been isolated, monoglucoside of cyanidine, 7 per cent.
Study yielded aldose reductase inhibitors and three new eudesman-type
sesquiterpenes. (Source)
Properties
- Considered antifungal, antiviral, antiinflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic, bactericidal, febrifuge, vulnerary, depurative and tonic.
- Glycoside chrysanthemin considered antibacterial.
Parts utilized
· Flowering heads.
· Entire plant also used.
· Collect flowers from August to October.
· Collect young shoots or collect tender portions of the plant.
· Rinse, sun-dry.
Uses
Culinary
· Edible: Seeds,
flowers, leaves.
Folkloric
· Preventive
for cough, flu, epidemic meningitis.
· Whooping cough (use entire plant or flower)
· Gas pains: Warm oil, add and mix the flower heads, let stand
for 30 mins and strain. Apply warm oily solution to abdomen.
· Eczema infections
· Hypertension (use flowers)
· Poisonous snake bites, sprains and bruises.
· Infections of the cervix (use flowers, process into emulsion
and apply to afflicted region)
· Mammary carbuncle
· Insect repellent: Burn the flowers.
· Tea used as a wash for sore eyes, open sores, and wounds.
· Infusion of flowering heads used as carminative.
· In Deccan, plant used in conjunction with black pepper for treatment of gonorrhea.
· Combined with bitter sweet as ointment, used for bruises, sprains,
calluses.
· In China, used
for migraines, hypertension, inflammation, respiratory problems. Also, flowering heads are made into tonic and sedative preparations. Infusions are used as collyrium in eye affections.
· In Malaya flowers are used for sore eyes and to promote longevity.
· The Hindus consider the plant heating and aperient; used for affections of the brain, calculus, as well as antidote to mental depression.
· In Indo-China leaves are used as depurant and prescribed for migraine. Also, flowers are used for sore eyes and inflammation of the abdomen.
· In Guam infusion of flowers are used as remedy for intermittent fevers; also, used by women as remedy for hysteria and monthly irregularities.
Studies
· Antimicrobial: Study
yielded three essential oils with major constituents of 1,8-cineole, camphor, borneol and bornyl acetate. Results showed both essential oils from air-dried and processed flowers possessed significant antimicrobial effect. With higher camphor percentage, the oil of processed flowers greater bacteriostatic activity than air-dried ones.
• Antiinflammatory / Immunomodulatory:
(1) Anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities of the extracts from
the inflorescence of Chrysanthemum indicum Linné: Study showed
CI possesses antiinflammatory, humoral and cellular immunomodulatory
and phagocytic activity probably from its flavonoid contents. (2) Study showed C indicum extract to be an effective anti-inflammatory agent in murine phorbol ester-induced dermatitis and suggests a potential for treatment of immune-related cutaneouse diseases.
• Sesquiterpenes: Japanese study yielded aldose reductase inhibitors and three
new eudesman-type sesquiterpenes.
• Anti-Cancer: (1) Study of C indicum extract showed a significant apoptotic effect through a mitochondrial pathway and arrested cell cycle by regulation of cell cycle-related proteins in MHCC97H cells lines without effect on normal cells. The cancer-specific selectivity suggests the plant extract could be a potential new treatment for human cancer. (2) Study documents anti-metastatic effect through a decrease of MMP expression, simultaneous increase of TIMP expression. Results suggest CI is a potential novel medicinal plant for treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma or cancer invasion and metastasis. (3) Study performed in rats with human cells showed CI extract inhibited proliferation of human hepatocellular cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner without cytotoxicity.
• Flavonoids / Anti-Arthritis: Study showed the total flavonoids of C indicum, extracted from the dried buds could induce synoviocytes apoptosis and suppress proliferation of synoviocytes in adjuvant-induced arthritis rats.
• Flowers / Chemical Composition: Study of C. indicum flowers yielded 63 volatiles which included eucalyptol, a-pinene, a-neoclovene among others. Ten flavonoids were identified, including quercitrin, myricetin and luteolin-7-glucoside. It suggests C indicum flower is a good source of natural quercitrin and myricetin for the development of potential pharmaceuticals.
• Aldose Reductase Inhibitory Activity: Study has shown inhibitory activity against rat lens aldose reductase and nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharide-activated macrophages.
• Anti-Inflammatory: Study suggest the anti-inflammatory properties of CIE might results from the inhibition of inflammatory mediators, such as NO, PGE2, TNF-alpha and IL01beta, via suppression of MAPKs and NF-kappaB-dependent pathways.
• Flavanone Glycosides / Rat Lens Aldose Reductase Inhibition: Study isolated two flavanone glycosides and a new phenylbutanoid glycoside from the flowers of Chrysanthemum indicum together with eight flavonoids. Both of the new flavanone glycosides showed inhibitory activity for rat lens aldose reductase.
Availability
Wild-crafted.
Cultivated for ornamental use.
Herbs, granules, extracts in the cybermarket.
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