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Family Rubiaceae

Gusokan
Pavetta indica Linn.
WHITE PAVETTA

Da sha ye shu

Scientific names Common names
Ixora indica (L.) Baill. Bohunan-ug-puso (C. Bis.)
Ixora nunypapata Roxb. ex Wight & Arn. Galauan (Buk.)
Ixora paniculata Lam. Gesges (Neg.)
Ixora roxburghii Kuntze Gusokan (C. Bis.)
Pavetta alba Vahl Kaiut-karaban (Bag.)
Pavetta cerniflora Zipp. ex Span. Kotbu (Ig.)
Pavetta indica Linn. Lankuilan (P. Bis.)
Pavetta obtusa Pers. Pangapatolen (Ilk)
Pavetta thomsonii Bremek. Pitak (Ig.)
  Tamayan (C. Bis.)
  Tandaluli (Bag.)
  Bride's bush (Engl.)
  Christmas bush (Engl.)
  White pavetta (Engl.)
Pavetta indica L. is an accepted name. The Plant List

Other vernacular names
AFRICAN: Bruidsboom, bruidsbos, kers(mis)bos
ASSAMESE: Sam-suku.
BANGLADESH: Kukurchura, Bisophal, Falda, Si sa thang, Na raing.
BENGALI: Jui.
CHINESE: Da sha ye shu.
FRENCH: Bois de pintade
HINDI: Kankara, Kathachampa.
INDONESIAN: Soka.
MALAYSIAN: Jarum-jarum, Nyarum-nyarum, Gading-gading.
MANIPURI: Nongmangkha ashinba, Chikpa-thur, Ranjana, Kukurchura.
MARATHI: Papat.
MALAYALAM: Malikamutti.
SANSKRIT: Kakachdi.
SRI LANKAN: Pawatta.
THAILAND: Khem paa.
VIETNAM: Thanh t[as]o r[uwf]ng.


Botany
Gusokan is an erect, nearly smooth or somewhat hairy shrub, growing to a height of 2 to 4 meters. Leaves are elliptic-oblong to elliptic-lanceolate, 6 to 15 centimeters long and pointed at both ends. Flowers are white, fragrant, borne in considerable numbers in hairy terminal panicles, 6 to 10 centimeters long. Calyx segments are very small and toothed. Corolla-tube is slender, about 1.5 centimeters long, with obtuse lobes about half the length of the tube. Fruit is black when dry, rounded, about 6 millimeters in diameter.

Distribution
- From Batan Islands and northern Luzon to Mindanao, in most or all islands and provinces and often common in primary forests, at low and medium altitudes.
- Also reported from India to China and through Malaya to tropical Australia.\

Constituents
• Roots contain a green resin, starch, an organic acid, a bitter glucoside resembling salicin.
• Stems contain essential oil, resin, alkaloid, tannin and a pectic principle.

• Petroleum ether and methanol extracts have yielded glycosides, phytosterols, saponins, flavonoids and alkaloids.
• Phytochemical studies of leaves isolated linoleic acid, (9z, 12z, 15z)-octadeca- 9, 12, 15-trienoic acid, proanthocyanadin, epicatachein and fercilic acid.
(9)
• Phytochemical screening of ethanolic and methanolic extracts of leaves for secondary metabolites yielded alkaloids, carbohydrates, tannins, chlorogenic acid, steroidal glycosides, steroids, and flavonoids. (16)
• GC-MS analysis of ethanolic extracts yielded 36 phytoconstituents belonging to types of acids, alkanes, amines, esters, and phenolic compounds. Based on percentage peaks, dominant compounds ranging from 59-63-60% were 1,2- benzene dicarboxylic acid, diethylester(CAS) Ethyl phthalate, 2,4- Imidazolidinedione, 1-[[(5-nitro-2-furanyl) methane]amino]-(CAS)upiol, phalic acid, allyl ethyl ester (CAS) Ethylallylphthalate, 1, 3-dioxoline, tartronic acid, (P- Ethoxyphenyl) diethyl ester. (16)
• Study of leaves for volatile oil yielded 24 compounds. The major constituents were ß-pinene (25.45%), ß-eudesmol (7.06%) and tricyclene (5.74%). The yield of essential oil from aerial parts was 0.05% (v/w). (5)
• Phytochemical screening of flowers yielded alkaloids, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, glycosides, and steroids. (see study below) (26)
• Study of various root extracts and fractions yielded four compounds i.e., chlorogenic acid, fercilic acid, salicine, and oleic acid. These compounds were isolated for the first time from the roots of P. indica. (28)

Properties
• Bitter roots considered aperient.
• Analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, diuretic.

• Studies have suggested anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic, antioxidant, diuretic, hepatoprotective, anthelmintic, anticorrosive, antibacterial, neuroprotective, wound healing, antidiabetic properties.

Parts utilized
Bark, roots, fruits, stems, leaves.

Uses
Edibility
• Fruits are edible, sweet when ripe. Used as condiment in vinegar. (15)
• Flowers reportedly edible. (15)
Folkloric
• Bark, pulverized or in decoction, is used for visceral obstructions.
• Leaves and roots used in poultices for boils and itches.
• Decoction of leaves used externally for hemorrhoidal pains.
• Bitter roots used for constipation.
• Roots, pulverized and mixed with ginger and rice water, used for dropsy.
• A local fomentation of leaves used for hemorrhoidal pains.
• Roots used for urinary complaints.
• Root used as anticephalagic.
• Fruits used as anthelmintic.
• Decoction of stem used as febrifuge.
• Bark decoction used for arthritis.
• In Ayurveda and Siddha medicine, leaf paste used for poulticing boils and to remove pus. Leaf decoction used externally for hemorrhoids. Root decoction used as postpartum remedy. (17)
• In India, one of the herbal medicines used in the treatment of epilepsy. (24) Whole plant used for rheumatism () Leaf paste used for snake bites. (29) The Chiru tribe of Manipur, India, use cooked leaves for relief of jaundice. (30) Roots used for urinary diseases and as antiurolithiatic. (31)

Others
• Mulch: Leaves make a good green mulch. (15)
• Scent: Infusion of fragrant flowers used after bathing. (15)

Studies
Anti-Inflammatory / Leaves: Study of the anti-inflammatory potential of the methanol extract of Pavetta indica leaves on several models of inflammation showed activity in the proliferative phase of the inflammatory process in an effect comparable to the standard non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug indomethacin. (1)
Analgesic: Study of the ethanolic leaf extract of P indica showed significant dose-dependent inhibition of pain response induced by thermal and mechanical stimuli. Results showed promising potential use of the crude extract in the treatment of pain. (2)
Antipyretic: Study of the methanol extract of P indica reduced the pyrexia induced by yeast, found statistically significant, and indicates a potential for the extract's use as an agent against pyrexia. (3)
Diuretic / Leaves: Study of petroleum and ether extracts of leaves of Pavetta indica exhibited significant diuretic activity. Effect was attributed to the presence of flavonoids. Results support its use as a diuretic agent. (4)
Essential Oil: Study yielded 24 compounds. The major constituents of the oil were ß-pinene (25.45%), ß-eudesmol (7.06%) and tricyclene (5.74%). Oxygenated monoterpenes and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons were minor components. (5)
Hepatoprotective / CCl4 / Paracetamol / Leaves: Study of an aqueous leaf extract on CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in rats showed hepatoprotective activity as measured by reduction in biochemical parameters and histopathological findings. (7) An ethanol extract of P. indica leaves inhibited paracetamol induced liver toxicity in albino rats at 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kbw in measures of biochemical values (SGPT, SGOT, APO4, S albumin). (21)
Antioxidants / Nutrients / Minerals: Study showed the leaves to be a good source of antioxidants such as ß-carotene, vitamin C and phenolics. Leaves showed to be rich in nutrients such as crude protein, carbohydrate, crude fiber, and minerals like Na, K, Ca, S, P, Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn. (8)
Antihelmintic / Enterobium vermicularis Infestation: Treatment with P. indica decoction caused partial or complete reduction of symptoms and absence of ova of E. vermicularis. Study show decoction of P. indica can be an effective treatment for Purishaja Krimi (E. vermicularis infestation). (10)
Antidiabetic / Leaves: Study of methanolic extract of leaves of Pavetta indica in alloxan-induced Wistar albino diabetic rats significantly reduced blood sugar. (11)
Antimicrobial / Leaves / Flowers: Study tested aqueous and organic solvent extracts of leaves of Pavetta indica against B. subtilis, E. coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Most of the leaf extracts showed activity against B. subtilis.; none showed activity against E. coli and S. cerevisiae. (12) In a study of five ethnomedicinal plants, Pavetta indica showed great inhibitory activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. (26) Study of an ethanol extract of flowers of Pavetta indica showed high antibacterial activity with range of inhibition between 30 ± 5.3 to 40 ± 7.1 mm. respectively. (27)
Anticorrosive Property / Leaves: Study evaluated the anticorrosive nature of P. indica leaf extract on mild steel corrosion in HCl and HxSO4 media. Results showed the extracts could inhibit mild steel corrosion. (13)
• Anticholinesterase / Antidiabetic / Antioxidant / Neuroprotective: Study evaluated crude methanolic extracts and fractions of Acalypha alnifolia, Pavetta indica and Ochna obtusate for acetylcholnesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, and a-glucosidase inhibitory activities. Active chloroform fractions showed prominent ability to scavenge DPPH and ABTS reactive species and neuroprotective effects against H2O2 induced cell injury. The fractions showed significant anticholinesterase, antidiabetic, antioxidant, and neuroprotective effects attributable to phenolic, flavonoid, and terpenoid contents. Study suggests further studies for the potential of a multifunctional therapeutic agent as AD and DM dual therapy. (18)
• Antioxidant / Aerial Parts: Study evaluated the in vivo antioxidant and lipid peroxidation effect of different extracts of aerial parts of Pavetta indica. A methanolic extract of PI in high fat diet rats lowered the concentration of TBARS, with significant (p<0.01) increments in the levels of SOD, CAT, GPx, GR, GST, and GSH. Results suggest the ME is a significant source of natural antioxidant, which may be useful in preventing various oxidative stresses. (19)
• Anthelmintic / Leaves and Roots: Study evaluated various extracts of roots and leaves of Pavetta indica for anthelmintic activity against Indian adult earthworms Pheretima posthuma and roundworm Ascaridia gali. All the extracts showed dose-dependent activity. Root extract showed more potent activity, with the methanol extract of roots showing shortest time for paralysis and death at 100 mg/ml. (20)
• CuO, MgO and Ag2O Nanoparticles / Anti-Inflammatory / Leaves: Study reports on the biosynthesis on the novel and green synthesis of copper oxide, magnesium oxide, and silver oxide nanoparticles using a leaf extract of P. indica. The plant showed significant anti-inflammatory activity on denaturation of egg albumin. (22)
• Wound Healing / Roots: Study evaluated the wound healing activity of different extracts of leaves and roots in albino rats using excision and incision wound models. A methanolic extract ointment showed significant healing in both wound models, as evidenced by increased rate and extent of wound closures and increased tensile strength in healing wounds. The root extracts showed more potent healing compared to leaf extracts. (23)

Availability
- Wild-crafted.
- Oil, supplements in the cybermarket.

Updated September 2018 / June 2014

IMAGE SOURCE: / File:Pavetta crassicaulis in Ananthagiri forest, AP W IMG 9205.jpg / J. M. Garg / 27 June 2009 / GNU Free Documentation License / click on image to go to source page / Wikimedia Commons

Additional Sources and Suggested Readings
(1)
Evaluation of anti-inflammatory potential of Pavetta indica Linn. leaf extract (family: Rubiaceae) in rats / Subhash C Mandal et al / Phytotherapy Research, Vol 17 Issue 7, Pages 817 - 820 / DOI 10.1002/ptr.1095
(2)
Analgesic Activity of Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Pavetta Indica / Golwala D K et al / International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research 2009; 1(2): 119-120

(3)
ANTIPYRETIC ACTIVITY OF Pavetta Indica Linn. (RUBIACEAE) LEAF EXTRACT / Laksmi S, Mohana et al / Selected issues in ethnopharmacology / Division of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata-700 032, India. / subhashmandal@yahoo.com, asok_kenny@yahoo.com.
(4)
Physio- Phytochemical screening and Diuretic activity of leaves of Pavetta indica Linn / Ramamoorthy, J / Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Aug 1, 2010
(5)
Chemical Composition of the Essential Oil of Pavetta indica L. Leaves / K Prasad, K Moulekhi and G Bisht / Research Journ of Phytochemistry, 2010
(6)
Pavetta indica / Vernacular names / GLOBinMED
(7)
THE EFFECT OF Pavetta indica IN CCl4 INDUCED HEPATOTOXICITY IN RATS
/ N Bidyananda Singh and N Saravanan / Pharmacie Globale (IJCP) 2012, 6 (04)
(8)
Evaluation of Nutritive, Antioxidant and Mineral Composition of Pavetta indica Leaves / K. Prasad and G. Bisht / Research Journ of Phytochemistry, 2011; 5(1): pp 54-59 / DOI: 10.3923/rjphyto.2011.54.59
(9)
PHYTOCHEMICAL INVESTIGATION OF PAVETTA INDICA / J. RAAMA MURTHY, S. VENKATARAMAN, R. MEERA, SATKAR PRASAD and A, P. DEVI / Int. J. Chem. Sci.: 9(1), 2011, 397-402
(10)
Clinical study on the effect of decoction of Pavetta indica Linn. in treatment of Purishaja Krimi with special reference to Enterobius vermicularis infestation. / Ediriweera ER1, Rajapaksha RP2, Rathnayaka RL3, Premakeerthi WM3, Premathilaka S / Ayu. 2013 Jul;34(3):254-8. doi: 10.4103/0974-8520.123110.
(11)
PRELIMINARY STUDY OF ANTIDIABETIC ACTIVITY OF METHANOLIC EXTRACT OF PAVETTA INDICA LINN IN DIABETIC RATS
/ NATARAJAN, P.; THANGATHIRUPATHI, A.; RAMARAJAN, S.; JAYA, S.; HAREESH, BELLAMKONDA; LAXMINARAYANA, GOLLAPALLI / Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical & Clinical Research, Jan 2013; Vol 6, Suppl 1: pp 131-133
(12)
Antimicrobial activity of Pavetta indica leaves / Vinod Kumar Gupta, Charanjeet Kaur, Aritra Simlai and Amit Roy* / Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science Vol. 3 (04), pp. 078-082, April, 2013 / DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2013.3414
(13)
Inhibitory Action of Pavetta Indica Leaf Extracts on the Corrosion of Mild Steel in Acid Media / V. N. SHEEJA and S. SUBHASHINI / Chemical Science Transactions, 2014, 3(1), 240-254 / DOI:10.7598/cst2014.698
(14)
Pavetta indica / Synonyms / The Plant List
(15)
Pavetta indica / Useful Tropical Plants
(16)
Phytochemical Screening and GCMS Studies of the Medicinal Plant Pavetta indica Linn.
/ S. Suresh, G.Pradheesh and Dr. V. Alex Ramani / American Journal of Ethnomedicine, 2015; Vol 2, No 6
(17)
Pavetta indica / Pitchandrikulam Forest: Virtual Herbarium
(18)
In Vitro Screening of Three Indian Medicinal Plants for Their Phytochemicals, Anticholinesterase, Antiglucosidase, Antioxidant, and Neuroprotective Effects / Mohan Penumala, Raveendra Babu Zinka, Jeelan Basha Shaik, and Damu Amooru Gangaiah / Biomed Res Int., 2017; 2017: 5140506 / doi:  10.1155/2017/5140506 / PMID: 29204442
(19)
Evaluation of In Vivo Antioxidant and Lipid Peroxidation Activities of Different Extracts of Aerial Parts of Pavetta indica (Linn) / Abdul Hameed Thayyil, Arumugam Kottai Muthu and Mohammed Ibrahim / International Journal of ChemTech Research, 2017; Vol 10, No 13: pp 145-152
(20)
Evaluation of In-Vitro anthelmintic activity of leaves and roots of Pavetta Indica Linn. by using different extracts / Satkar prasad, Anand Chaurasiya, Ravindra Pal Singh / IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences (IOSR-JPBS), Sept-Oct 2017; Vol 12, Issue 5, Ver II: pp 48-51
(21)
Hepatoprotective activity of ethanol extract of PAVETTA INDICA LINN leaves / M. Premchand Singh, Varkung Valte, Indira Raleng, S. Losica RK / Indian Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, January-March, 2018; 5(1): pp 37-39 / DOI: 10.18231/2393-9087.2018.0009
(22)
Biosynthesis and characterization of CuO, MgO and Ag2O nanoparticles, anti inflammatory activity and phytochemical screening of the ethanolic extract of the medicinal plant Pavetta indica Linn / S Suresh, G Pradheesh, and Vincent Alex Ramani / Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 2018; Vol 7, No 4
(23)
Wound Healing activity of Leaves & roots of Pavetta Indica Linn of by using different extracts
/ Satkar Prasad, Anand Chaurasiya, Ravindra Pal Singh / International Journal of Pharmaceutical & Biological Archive , 2018; 9(2): pp 101-105
(24)
Ethnomedicinal plants used for treating epilepsy by indigenous communities of sub-Himalayan region of Uttarakhand, India. / Sharma J, Gairola S, Gaur RD, Painuli RM, Siddiqi TO / Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 9 Sept 2013; 150(1): pp 353-370 / DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.08.052 
(25)
Potential Anti-Arthritic Agents From Indian Medicinal Plants / Samrat Chauhan, Lalit Kishore, Navpreet Kaur, Randhir Singh / RRJPPS, July-September 2015 ; Volume 4, Issue 3
(26)
Antimicrobial test of five ethnomedicinal plants in an ancestral forest area / M B Bandibas, P Roxas / Global Journal of Environmental Science and Management, Summer 2017; Vol 3, Issue 3: pp 257-266 / DOI: 10.22034/GJESM.2017.03.03.003
(27)
Bioactive screening and antimicrobial activity of flowers from the selected three medicinal plants on chosen microbes / S. Sujatha and Gowri Prakash / Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci, 2013; 2(5): pp 211-221
(28)
Isolation and Identification of compounds from Root extract of Pavetta Indica Linn. / Satkar Prasad, Anand Chaurasiya, Ravindra Pal Singh / International Journal of Scientific Research and Review. 2018; 7(5)
(29)
Infrequent use of medicinal plants from India in snakebite treatment / Manali Sughosh Upasani, Sughosh Vishweshwar Upasani, Vishal Gokul Beldar, Chetana Gokul Beldard, Pranjal P. Gujarathi / Integrative Medicine Research, 2018; 7: pp 9–26
(30)
Ethnobotanical investigation of wild edible and medicinal plants used by the Chiru Tribe of Manipur, India / Ranjana Rajkumari, P. K. Singh, Ajit Kumar Das and B. K. Dutta / Pleione, 2013; 7(1): pp 167-174
(31)
Current scenario of urolithiasis and the use of medicinal plants as antiurolithiatic agents in Manipur (North East India): A Review / Khaling Mikawlrawng, Suresh Kumar, Vandana / International Journal of Herbal Medicine, 2014; 2 (1): pp 1-12

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