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Family Caesalpinaceae / Fabaceae
Bulaklak ng Paraiso
Caesalpinia pulcherrima (Linn.) Sw.
PEACOCK FLOWER

Jin feng hua

Scientific names  Common names
Caesalpinia pulcherrima (Linn.) Sw. Bulaklak ng paraiso (Tag.)
Caesalpinia pulcherrima var. flava Bailey & Rehder Caballero (Tag.)
Poinciana bijuga Lour. Barbados pride (Engl.)
Poinciana bijuga Burm. f.  Dwarf poinciana (Engl.)
Poinciana elata Lour.  Paradise flower (Engl.)
Poinciana pulcherrima Linn.  Peacock flower (Engl.)
  Red bird of paradise (Engl.)
Caesalpinia pulcherrima (L.) Sw. is an accepted name. The Plant List

Other vernacular names
BENGALI: Krishnachura, Radhachura.
CHINESE: Yang jin feng, Huang hu die, Jia die hua, Jin feng hua.
HINDI: Gulutora, Guletura.
INDONESIA:
KANNADA: Kenjige.
MALAYSIA: Bunga merak. Bunga kacang, Jingok, Kembang patra kombala, Merak-merakan, Parak kagel.
MARATHI: Sankasur.
SANSKRIT: Ratnagandhi, Sidhakya.
SPANISH: Caballero, Flor de San Francisco, Clavellina colorada.

Botany
Bulaklak ng Paraiso is an erect, smooth shrub or small tree, 1.5 to 5 meters high. Branches are armed with a few scattered spines. Leaves are bipinnate. Pinnae are 4-8 pairs, 6 to 12 centimeters long. Leaflets are stalkless, 7 to 11 pairs, elliptic, and 1 to 2 centimeters long. Flowers are red and yellow, or yellow, borne on terminal, lax racemes, about 4 centimeters in diameter. Petals are crisped and clawed. Stamens are long-exserted. Pod is nearly straight, flat, smooth, 5 to 9 centimeters long and 1.5 centimeters wide, containing 6 to 8 seeds.

Distribution
- Mostly cultivated for ornamental use throughout the settled areas in the Philippines.
- Naturalized in some regions.
- Introduced from tropical America.
- Now pantropic.

Constituents
• Plant yields diterpenoids, isovouacaperol, sitosterol, and flavonoids.
• Leaves contain gallic acid, a red coloring matter, gum, tannins, resin, benzoic acid, and salts.
• Study isolated five flavonoids: 5,7-dimethoxyflavanone, 5,7-dimethoxy-3,4'-methylenedioxyflavanone, isobonducellin, 2'-hydroxy-2,3,4'-6'-tetramethoxychalcone and bonducellin, all with anti-inflammatory activities.
• Stems contain peltogynoids, bhonducellin, 6-methoxypulcherrimin, and homoisoflavonoids. Study of the stems isolated a cassane-type diterpene ester, pulcherralpin.
• Flowers yield lupeol, B-sitosterol, flavonoids and myricetin.
• Phytochemical screening of stem bark yielded saponins, flavonoids, phenols, terpenoids, tannins, and alkaloids. Two known compounds, Pulcherrin J (1) and 6-cinnamoyl-7-hydroxyvouacapen-5-ol (2) were isolated from the HEEA fraction. (see study below) (37)
• Phytochemical screening of leaves yielded alkaloids, phytosterols, saponins, tannins, phenols, flavonoids, and lignins. (see study below) (39)
• Phytochemical screening of hydroalcoholic extract of stem bark yielded phenols, sterols, and flavonoids. (see study below) (43)
• Study of pulverized leaves of red and yellow varieties of C. pulcherrima yielded 0.50 and 0.52% v/w of essential oils on hydrodistillation. GC-MS analysis of the oils of red and yellow varieties yielded 58 and 53 compounds, with percentage compositions of oxygenated monoterpenes of 70.4 and 85.1%, respectively. Sesquiterpene content in the leaf oil was 28.8% in the red variety and 5.1% in the yellow variety. Principal oil constituents were y. terpinene (44.4%), germacrene B (14.3%), myrcene (5.6%), allo-ocimene (5.9%), ß-caryophylene (5.1%) and a-pinene (4.2%) in the red variety, and citronellal (58.0%), geranial (17.5%), ß-caryophylene (5.1%), linalool (2.5%) and a-terpineol (2.3%) in the yellow variety. (47)

Properties
• The odor of the plant resembles savin.
• Leaves reported to be purgative and emmenagogue.
• Flowers are reported to be tonic, purgative, febrifuge, and emmenagogue.
• Seeds, flowers and roots are reported to be abortifacient.

• Bark is considered a powerful emmenagogue and abortifacient.
• Roots reputed to be poisonous.
• Studies have suggested antimicrobial, antidiabetic, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, analgesic, mosquito larvicidal, repellent, CNS depressant, antidiarrheal, analgesic, immunomodulatory, antiulcer, antibiofilm, wound healing properties.

Parts utilized
Roots, leaves, flowers, seeds and bark.

Uses
Folkloric
- In La Union, decoction or infusion of leaves, flowers, roots, and bark used as purgative and emmenagogue.
- In Angola, decoction of roots used for intermittent fevers.
- In Nicaragua astringent infusion used as wash for the teeth and gums. Infusion of leaves, roots, and bark used for colds, fevers, skin ailments and purging; also used as emmenagogue.
- Reported to be abortifacient.
- In Mexico, a decoction of leaves used for liver affections and as mouth wash and gargle for mouth and throat ulcers.
- In the West Indies, decoction of leaves used for fevers.
- Flowers reputed to be purgative, febrifuge and emmenagogue. Decoction of flowers used for erysipelas and inflammation of the eyes.
- Powdered flowers used as insecticide; also used as tonic.
- Seeds also used as abortifacient.
- Fruit is astringent and used for diarrhea and dysentery.
- In the Amazon, leaf juice used for fevers; the flower juice for sores.
- Seeds used for cough, chest pains, breathing difficulty.
- Roots used to induce first trimester abortion.
- Leaves are purgative; used for renal stones, malaria, bronchitis.
- In Ayurvedic medicine, used for fever, jaundice, colic, flatulence, malignant tumors.
- In Nicaragua, astringent infusion of the bark is used as a wash for teeth and gums.
- In the West Indies, decoction used for fevers.
- In the Antilles, the leaves are used as emmenagogue and abortifacient. A sweetened infusion is used as purgative.
- In Jamaica, decoction of leaves used as a purgative.
- In the East Indies, pods and leaves used as substitute for senna.

- In India, infusion of flowers used as pectoral and febrifuge; also used in bronchitis, asthma and malarial fevers. Leaves used as antipyretic and antimicrobial.
- In the Caribbean, used for fever, pain and cough.

Studies
Antimicrobial:
Antimicrobial activity of Caesalpinia pulcherrima, Euphorbia hirta and Asystasia gangeticum: Studies on the ethanolic extracts of the dry fruits of C. pulcherrima showed a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity against E. coli (enteropathogen), Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. (3)
Antibacterial: Study on the antibacterial effects of selected Indian medicinal plants was evaluated on strains of B. cereus, S. aureus, E. aerogenes, E. coli and K. pneumonia. The most active antibacterial plant was Caesalpinia pulcherrima.

Antiviral / Quercetin:
In a study in search of new antiviral agents, study evaluated pure flavonoids and aqueous extracts of C. pulcherrima for activity against a series of viruses, i.e., herpes viruses (HSV-1 and HSV-2) and adenoviruses (ADV-3, ADV-4, and ADV-11). The aqueous extracts of CP and its flavonoid quercetin showed a broad spectrum of antiviral activity. The antiviral activity of some compounds may be derived from the flavonoid of quercetin. The mode of action of quercetin against HSV-1 and ADV-3 was in the early stage of multiplication. (4)
Anti-inflammatory:
The study showed anti-inflammatory activity attributed to flavonoids. Results support the use of Caesalpinia pulcherrima for the treatment of inflammatory conditions in traditional medicine.
Furanoid Diterpenes / Antibacterial / Antifungal : Study isolated four new cassane-type furanoditerpenoids from the leaves of CP. Antimicrobial testing showed activity against bacteria (S aureus, E coli, P aeruginosa and B subtilis) and fungi ( C albicans and T mentagrophytes). (5)
Nutrient studies of CP Seeds: Study suggests C pulcherrima could be a good source of low cost plant protein, a good source of iron and calcium; the whole seeds more nutrient-rich than the seed nuts. (6)
Flavonoids / Anti-Inflammatory: Study isolated five flavonoids from CP which significantly and dose-dependently inhibited inflammatory mediators, NO, cytokines (TNF and IL-12). (7)
Antifungal: Study of methanol extract of 9 Indian medicinal plants showed C pulcherrima with good antifungal activity against C albicans. (8)
Antioxidant / Cytotoxic: Study on the methanolic and aqueous extracts of C pulcherrima showed both exhibited strong antioxidant activity. Testing for cytotoxicity, the aqueous extract was relatively toxic. Results of antioxidant and cytotoxic activities were attributed total phenolic content of the wood. (10)
Analgesic: Study on the chloroform extract of Caesalpinia pulcherrima showed significant analgesic activity through a peripheral mechanism. (11)
Drug Release Study / Excipient /
Seed Polysaccharide: Caesalpinia pulcherrima seed polysaccharide can be used for the controlled release of both water-soluble and water insoluble drugs. (13)
Anthelmintic / Flowers: Study evaluated the in vitro anthelmintic potency of various extracts of CP flowers against Indian earthworms Pheretima posthuma. Results showed all the extracts exhibited anthelmintic activity, and the aqueous extract took the least time to cause earthworm paralysis. (14)
Anti-Inflammatory / Anti-Ulcer / Aerial Parts: Ethanolic and aqueous extracts of aerial parts of C. pulcherrima exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity in the cotton pellet granuloma model and significant anti-ulcer activities in the pylorus ligation- and aspirin-induced ulcer models. (15)
Antimicrobial / Antioxidant / Seeds and Fruit Rind: Study investigated the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of seeds and fruit rind of C. pulcherrima. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated by agar well diffusion method while antioxidant activity was evaluated by DPPH assay, and total phenolic and flavonoid contents. Among the solvents, the methanol extract showed the best antibacterial and antioxidant activities. (17)
Seed Mucilage / Binder / Seeds: Study isolated a water soluble mucilage from the seeds of C. pulcherrima. It was found to possess excellent binding property to serve as potential binder in conventional tablet formulation. (18)
Antiulcer / Aspirin-Induced Ulcer / Bark: Study investigated the antiulcer effects of hydroalcoholic and aqueous extracts of bark in pylorus ligated models for protection against Aspirin induced method. Extracts significantly controlled aspiring induced ulcer development. (20)
Anticonvulsant / Leaves:Study of an ethanolic extract of leaves of Caesalpinia pulcherrima showed anticonvulsant effect against maximal electroshock (MES) and pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) induced seizures in rats and mice.
(21)
Antifertility / Leaves:Study of an ethanolic extract of leaves in female albino mice showed significant antifertility activity in two experimental models i.e., anti-implantation and estrogenic/antiestrogenic activity. (22)
Anti-Diabetic / ß-Cell Regeneration / Flowers: Study evaluated the hypoglycemic effect of an ethanolic extract of C. pulcherrima flowers in alloxan-induced diabetic rat models. Results showed anti-diabetic activity with better regeneration of ß-cells at the 300 mg/kg group. (23)
Antibacterial / Leaves:Study evaluated methanolic extracts of leaf and flower of C. pulcherrima, Delonix regia and Peltaphorum ferrugineum against clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus mutans. The flower extract of C. pulcherrima showed marked inhibition of cariogenic isolates. (24)
Bioavailability Enhancement of Ondansetron After Nasal Administration / CP— Microspheres:Study showed CPG (Caesalpinia pulcherrima galactomannan)-based microspheres can successfully deliver ondansetron intranasally, sustain its effect, avoid first past effect, and enhance the bioavailability of ondansetron hydrochloride. (25)
Mosquito Larvicidal Activity: Study evaluated the larvicidal activity of crude benzene and ethyl acetate extracts of leaves of Caesalpinia pulcherrima for toxicity against three important vector mosquitoes, viz., Culex tritaeniorhynchus, Aedes albopictus, and Anopheles subpictus. All extracts showed moderate larvicidal effects, with the benzene extract showing the highest larval mortality. (26)
Anti-Inflammatory / Central Depressant Activity / Bark: Study evaluated a crude methanol extract of bark for anti-inflammatory and neuropharmacological activities in an experimental rat model. Results showed significant (p<0.001) anti-inflammatory activity against carrageenan induced paw edema comparable to standard drug phenyl butazone. The methanolic bark extract reduced the onset of sleep and potentiated the pentobarbital induced sleeping time in mice, suggesting a central depressant activity with probably tranquilizing action. (28)
Gold Nanoparticles / Antimicrobial / Flower: Study describes an ecofriendly technique for green synthesis of gold nanoparticles from AuCl4 solution using CP flower extract as reducing agent. The gold nanoparticles showed good antimicrobial activities when compared to standard antibiotics. (29)
Anti-Arthritic: Study evaluated the anti-arthritic activity of an ethanolic extract of CP in adjuvant arthritic rat model induced by Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA) in albino rats. Results showed anti-arthritic activity with a significant decrease in paw volume with potential for significant normalization of hematological abnormalities in adjuvant induced arthritic rats. (
30)
• Antitussive Effect / Aerial Parts: Study evaluated ethanolic extracts of Caesalpinia pulcherrima (aerial parts), Arenaria serpyllifolia (whole plant), and Fragaria nubicola (whole plant) for antitussive activity at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg in a sulphur dioxide induced cough in albino rat model. All extracts showed significant dose dependent inhibition of cough compared to standard. (31)
• Analgesic / Anti-Inflammatory / Flowers: Study evaluated C. pulcherrima flower extracts for analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. Intraperitoneal administration of methanolic extract produced significant analgesic activity in acetic acid-induced writhing, tail immersion test and hot plate tests and showed anti-inflammatory effect against carrageenan-induced paw edema in experimental animals. (32)
• Antidiarrheal / Analgesic / Bark: Study evaluated crude ethanolic extract of bark of C. pulcherrima for anti-diarrheal and analgesic activities in animal models. The extract showed considerable anti-diarrheal activity on castor oil-induced diarrhea in mice and increased mean latent period and significantly (p<0.001) decreased frequency of defecation at dose of 500 mg/kbw comparable to standard drug loperamide at 50 mg/kbw. The extract also produced significant (p<0.001) inhibition of acetic acid-induced writhing in mice at 500 mg/kbw dose by 47.11% compared to standard drug diclofenac at dose of 25 mg/kbw. (33)
• Anti-Inflammatory / Antinociceptive / Pods: Study evaluated various extracts of pods for anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities using various experimental models i.e., acetic acid induced writhing in mice and tail flick test in rats for analgesic activity and carrageenan induced rat paw edema and cotton pellet granuloma formation in rats. Results showed C. pulcherrima has analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties that supports its folk medicinal use. (34)
Anticonvulsant / Leaves: Study evaluated an ethanol extract of C. pulcherrima against maximal electroshock (MES) and pentylenetetrazole (PTS) induced seizures in rats and mice. Diazepam was used as standard anticonvulsant drug. The CPEE was found safe up to doses of 4000 mg/kg mice when administered intraperitoneally. Study showed P. pulcherrima leaves possess anticonvulsant properties in PTZ and MES treated animals. However, the mechanism of anticonvulsant effect is unclear. (35)
• Anti-Ulcer / Ethanol Induced Ulcers / Flowers: Study evaluated the anti-ulcer activity of C. pulcherrima ethanolic extract of flowers on ethanol induced gastric lesion in albino rat. Results showed an anti-ulcer effect as measured by parameters of ulcer index, pH, gastric juice volume, total acidity, tissue glutathione, and total protein. (36)
• Antiplasmodial / Acute Toxicity Study / Stem Bark: Study evaluated stem bark extracts and fractions for acute toxicity studies and antiplasmodial activity. LD50 was 5656.85 mg/kbw in Swiss albino mice. Of all fractions, the HEEA showed highest antiplasmodial activity against both D6 and W2 Plasmodium falcifarum clones at IC50 3.7 and 5.3 µg/mL, respectively. (see constituents above) (37)
• Wound Healing / Leaves: Study evaluated the formulation and wound healing activity of methanolic extract of leaves of C. pulcherrima. Extract treatment showed significant wound healing activity with 14 days period of epithelization (100%) compared to20 days in the control group. Wound healing activity was attributed to analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties of the plant (38)
• Purgative / Leaves: Study evaluated various extracts of dried leaves of C. pulcherrima for purgative activity. Extracts at dose level of 300 mg/kg p.o. exhibited significant (p<0.001) purgative activity in albino rats. (see constituents above) (39)
• Immunomodulatory: Study evaluated the anti-inflammatory potential of all parts of C. pulcherrima and fractions of fresh pods. The extracts were studied for oxidative burst activity of whole blood phagocytes, neutrophils, and murine macrophages and for antioxidant activity by DPPH radical scavenging assays. Results showed inhibition of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production of whole blood phagocytes with IC50 ranging between 1.6 to 8.0 µg/mL. Some fractions exhibited inhibition on ROS by whole blood cells with IC50 range of 1.62-9.18 µg/mL. Extracts and fresh pod fractions also inhibited intracellular and extracellular ROS production in isolated human neutrophils and murine macrophage cells J774.2. (40)
• Antioxidant / Antimmicrobial / Leaves, Flowers and Seeds / Stem Bark: Study evaluated the antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of leaves, flowers, and seeds of methanolic extract of C. pulcherrima. All the extracts exhibited potent antioxidant activity at 800 µg/mL comparable to standard ascorbic acid. The leaf extracts showed inhibition of all selected microorganisms i.e., S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, E. coli, E. faecalis, S. mutans, B. subtilis, A. niger, and C. albicans, at 1000 µg/mL. (41) Study of hydroalcoholic extract of stem bark by measures of total antioxidant capacity and reducing power assay showed significant antioxidant activity. (43)
• Antiulcerogenic / Aspirin-Induced Ulcer / Leaves: Study evaluated the antiulcerogenic potential of ethanolic extract of C. pulcherrima leaves in an aspirin induced ulcer model in rat. Results showed significant antiulcerogenic activity at 500 mg/kbw by parameters of ulcer index, gastric volume, pH, content of tissue glutathione, acid volume and total protein. (42)
• Silver Nanoparticles / Antimicrobial / Antibiofilm / Cytotoxicity Against Cancer Cell Line / Stem: Study reports on an eco-friendly, rapid, and cost-effective method of AgNPs synthesis using C. pulcherrima stem extract. The AgNPs showed good synergistic antimicrobial, antibiofilm, and antioxidant activity, and showed dose-dependent cytotoxicity effect against HeLa cancer cell line. Genotoxicity study showed the the AgNPs to be non toxic at lower concentration. Results suggest great potential in biomedical applications. (44)
• Larvicide and Repellent Against Aedes Mosquitoes / Leaves: Study of C. pulcherrima and Ervatamia coronaria for activities against Aedes mosquitoes yielded phytochemicals with larvicidal and repellent properties. LC50 values (95% FCI) of crude ethyl acetate leaf extracts against Ae. aegypti larvae were 3.21 (2.95-3.48) and 4.46 (3.16-6.05) mg/L, for C. pulcherrima and E. coronaria, respectively. Repellent ED50 values (95%FCI) against Ae. aegypti adults were 0.02 (0.01-0.03) and 0.01 (0.005-0.02) mg/cm2, respectively. Results were promising with regards safety and effective control of Aedes mosquitoes. (45)
• Wound Healing / Polyherbal Ointment Formulation: Study showed the polyherbal combination of Tectona grandis, Ficus religiosa, and Caesalpinia pulcherrima formulated as a polyherbal ointment accelerated wound healing process by enhancing collagen formation and increased breaking strength of the healed wounds. (46)

Availability
- Ornamental cultivation.
- Wildcrafted.
- Seeds in the cybermaket.


Updated Dec 2018 / Feb 2016

Photos © Godofredo Stuart / StuartXchange

Additional Sources and Suggested Readings
(1)
Caesalpinia pulcherrima
(2)
Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants / Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants

(3)
Antimicrobial activity of Caesalpinia pulcherrima, Euphorbia hirta and Asystasia gangeticum / M. Sudhakara, Ch.V. Rao, P.M. Rao, D.B. Raju and Y. Venkateswarlu
(4)
In vitro antiviral activities of Caesalpinia pulcherrima and its related flavonoids / L. C. Chiang, W. Chiang, M. C. Liu and C. C. Lin
/ Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 2003; 52(2): pp 194-198 / DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkg291
(5)
New Furanoid Diterpenes from Caesalpinia pulcherrima / Consolacion Ragasa et al / J. Nat. Prod., 2002, 65 (8), pp 1107–1110 DOI: 10.1021/np0201523
(6)
Nutrient Contents of Pride of Barbados (Caesalpinia pulcherrima Linn.) Seeds / Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 6 (2): 117-121, 2007 / ISSN 1680-5194 / Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2007
(7)
Anti-inflammatory activities of flavonoids isolated from Caesalpinia pulcherrima./ Yerra Koteswara Rao et al / J Ethnopharmacol. 2005 Sep 14;100(3):249-53 / doi:10.1016/j.jep.2005.02.039
(8)
In vitro antifungal activity of methanol extracts of some Indian medicinal plants against pathogenic yeast and moulds / African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 7 (23), pp. 4349-4353, 3 December, 2008 / Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/AJB / SSN 1684–5315 © 2008 Academic Journals

(9)
In vitro Antimicrobial Activity and Phytochemical Analysis of Some Indian Medicinal Plants / Jigna Parekh and Sumitra Chanda / Turk J Biol • 31 (2007) 53-58
(10)
Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Activities of Caesalpinia pulcherrima wood / C R Pawar et al / Indian Journal of Biochemistry & Biophysics • Vol 46, April 2009, pp 198-200.
(11)
Analgesic activity of Chloroform extract of Caesalpinia pulcherrima / Guno Sindhu Chakraborthy et al / Journal of Pharmacy Research 2009, 2(7),1199-1200
(12)
Pulcherralpin, a new diterpene ester from Caesalpinia pulcherrima / Che C T et al / J Nat Prod. 1986 Jul-Aug;49(4):561-9.
(13)
DRUG RELEASE STUDIES FROM CAESALPINIA PULCHERRIMA SEED POLYSACCHARIDE / Jeevanandham S, Dhachinamoorthi D, Chandra Sekhar K B / Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, Summer 2011; 10(3): pp 597-603
(14)
IN VITRO EVALUATION OF ANTHELMINTIC ACTIVITY OF CAESALPINIA PULCHERRIMA (LINN)
FLOWER EXTRACTS IN INDIAN EARTHWORM
/ Dhaked PS, Panigraphy RN, Kshirsagar S N / International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research, Mar-Apr 2011; Volume 7, Issue 1, Artilce 18
(15)
Evaluation of Caesalpinia pulcherrima Linn. for anti-inflammatory and antiulcer activities / Vivek Sharma and G.P. Rajani / Indian J Pharmacol. 2011 April; 43(2): 168–171. / doi: 10.4103/0253-7613.77354
(16)
QUANTITATIVE ESTIMATION OF PHYTOCONSTITUENTS OF CAESALPINIA PULCHERRIMA / C R Pawar, A D Landge, S J Surana / IJPRD/2009/PUB/ARTI/VOL-8/OCT/003
(17)
Antimicrobial and antioxidant efficacy of various solvent extracts of seed and fruit rind of Caesalpinia pulcherrima Swartz / Sumitra Chanda, Jigna Parekh, Yogesh Baravalia, Shreya Parekh / Archives of Clinical Microbiology, 2010; Vol 1, No 4
(18)
EVALUATION OF MUCILAGE OF CAESALPINIA PULCHERRIMA AS BINDER FOR TABLETS / R. SENTHIL SELVI, S. GOPALAKRISHANAN, M. RAMAJAYAM, RAHUL SOMAN / International Journal of ChemTech Research, Vol.2, No.1, pp 436-442, Jan-Mar 2010
(19)
Caesalpinia pulcherrima (L.) Sw. (accepted name) / Chinese names / Catalogue of Life, China
(20)
Screening of Antiulcer Activity of Caesalpinia pulcherrima L. Bark. Against Aspirin Induced Ulcer in Rats / 1Harshada Takawale, Vaishali Mute, Deorao Awari, V.I. Hukkeri, Preeti Mehta and Pallavi Vawhal /
World Journal of Medical Sciences 6 (4): 168-172, 2011 ISSN 1817-3055 © IDOSI Publications, 2011
(21)
Anticonvulsant effect of the ethanol extract of Caesalpinia pulcherrima (L.) Sw., Fabaceae, leaves
/ Dinesh Kumar,* Jitender Singh, Anupama Baghotia, Sunil Kumar / Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia Brazilian Journal of Pharmacognosy
(22)
Antifertility potential of the ethanolic extract of Caesalpinia pulcherrima Linn. leaves / Sunil Kumar, Jitender Singh, Anupama Baghotia, Vineet Mehta, Vikas Thakur, Manjusha, Choudhary, Surender Verma, Dinesh Kumar* / Asian Pacific Journal of Reproduction, 2013; 2(2): pp 90-92 / doi: 10.1016/S2305-0500(13)60125-6
(23)
Demonstration of β-cell regeneration and anti-diabetic activity of Caesalpinia Pulcherrima flower extract in alloxan induced diabetic rats / V. Balasubramanian, P. Seetaram, Md. Gayasuddin and G. Venkataiah / Der Pharmacia Lettre, 2012; 4 (6): pp 1692-1697
(24)
INHIBITORY EFFICACY OF CAESALPINIA PULCHERRIMA, DELONIX REGIA AND PELTAPHORUM FERRUGINEUM AGAINST CLINICAL ISOLATES OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS AND STREPTOCOCCUS MUTANS / YASHODA KAMBAR, MANASA M, PALLAVI S, VIVEK M.N, SACHIDANANDA SWAMY H.C, ASHA M.M, CHAITHRA M, PRASHITH KEKUDA T.R, SUNITA C. MESTA, ONKARAPPA R, MALLIKARJUN N* / PHARMANEST—An International Journal of Advances in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Volume 4, Issue 5, September-October 2013, Pages 786-792
(25)
Bioavailability enhancement of ondansetron after nasal administration of Caesalpinia pulcherrima-based microspheres / Snehal R. Suryawanshi, Navnath P. Thakare, Digambar P. More, and Nilima A. Thombre / doi/abs/10.3109/10717544.2013.860205
(26)
LARVICIDAL PROPERTIES OF CAESALPINIA PULCHERRIMA (FAMILY: FABACEAE) AGAINST CULEX TRITAENIORHYNCHUS, AEDES, ALBOPICTUS AND ANOPHELES SUBPICTUS (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE) / M. GOVINDARAJAN*, M. RAJESWARY AND A. AMSATH / Int. J. Pure Appl. Zool., 2013; 1(1): pp 15-23
(27)
Caesalpinia pulcherrima / Synonyms / The Plant List
(28)
Anti-inflammatory and neuropharmacological activities of Caesalpinia pulcherrima bark / Utpal Bose, Lubna Hossain, Vaskor Bala, Ananda Kumar Shill, Ahmed Ayedur Rahman / Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences, Jan-Mar 2011; Vol 2, Issue 1: pp 77-84
(29)
PHYTOSYNTHESIS OF GOLD NANOPARTICLES USING CAESALPINIA PULCHERRIMA (PEACOCK FLOWER) FLOWER EXTRACT AND EVALUATION OF THEIR ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES / B. NAGARAJ, T.K. DIVYA, BARASA MALAKAR, N. B. KRISHNAMURTHY, R. DINESH, C. C. NEGRILA, C.S. CIOBANU, S.L. ICONARU* / Digest Journal of Nanomaterials and Biostructures Vol. 7, No. 3, July - September 2012, p. 899 - 905
(30)
Evaluation of anti-arthritic activity of Caesalpinia pulcherrima in freund’s complete adjuvant induced arthritic rat model / Cuddapah Rajaram, Kandula Ravindra Reddy, Kothapalli Bonnth Chandra Sekhar / Journal of Young Pharmacists, Apr-Jun 2015; Vol 7, Issue 2: pp 128-132
(31)
Antitussive effect of some medicinal plants on sulphur dioxide induced cough in animal model. / Rifat Roshan, Syed Muhammad Umer Gilani, Salman Ahmed, Mohtasheem Hasan / Molecular Biosciences: Research and Innovations: 14th Biennial Conference of Pakistan Society for Biochemical and Molecular Biology / DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.10005.37604
(32)
Screening of Caesalpinia pulcherrima Linn Flowers for Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory Activities
/ Patel SS, Verma NK, Chatterjee C, Gauthaman K / International Journal of Applied Research in Natural Products, Sept-Oct 2010; 3(3): pp 1-5
(33)
ANTIDIARRHOEAL AND ANALGESIC ACTIVITY OF BARKS OF MEDICINAL PLANT CAESALPINIA PULCHERRIMA / T. Afroz, S. Ramproshad, B. Mondal, A. Haque  and R. Khan  / International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 2013; 4(5): pp 1946-1949.
(34)
Anti-Inflammatory and Antinociceptive Activity of Pods of Cesalpinia pulcherrima / Monoh Kumbhare and Thangavel Sivakumar / Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 2011; 1(07): pp 180-184
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Anticonvulsant effect of the ethanol extract of Caesalpinia pulcherrima (L.) Sw., Fabaceae, leaves / Dinesh Kumar, Jitender Singh, Anupama Baghotia, Sunil Kumar / Brazilian Journal of Pharmacognosy, Oct-Nov 2010; 20(5): pp 751-755 / DOI: 10.1590/S0102-695X2010005000014
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Anti-ulcer activity of ethanolic extract of Caesalpinia pulcherrima flowers on ethanol induced gastric ulcers in rats / Syed Ayaz Ali, Saudagar Mujahid, Shaikh M. Aatif and Mohammed Mukhtar Khan / Der Pharmacia Sinica, 2013; 4(2): pp 119-124
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Antiplasmodial and Acute Toxicity Studies of Fractions and Cassane-Type Diterpenoids from the Stem Bark of Caesalpinia pulcherrima (L.) Sw. / Osahon K. Ogbeide, Vincent O. Dickson, Randolph D. Jebba, Dennis A. Owhiroro, Marvelous O. Olaoluwa, Vincent O. Imieje, Osayemwenre Erharuyi, Bodunde J. Owolabi, Pius S. Fasinu, Abiodun Falodun / Tropical Journal of Natural Product Research, 2018; 2(4): pp 179-184 / https://doi.org//10.26538/tjnpr/v2i4.5
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Formulation and Evaluation of the Methanolic Extract of Caesalpinia Pulcherrima Leaves for its Wound Healing Activity / Kavithan, Naira Nayeem / Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Health, 2012; 4(4)
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Purgative Activity of Caesalpinia pulcherrima (L) Sw Leaves Extracts / A. Tamil Selvan, R. Suthakaran, S.B. Muthu Vadivel, S. Karpagam Kumara Sundari / Research Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, 2013; 5(3)
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Immunomodulatory activities of extracts of Caesalpinia pulcherrima / Fouzia Khan, Nida Dastagir, Mehreen Lateef, Muhammad Yousuf et al / Journal of Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants, 2018; 24(3) / https://doi.org/10.1080/10496475.2018.1463931
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Antioxidant Activity and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of the Crude Methanolic Extract of Caesalpinia pulcherrima (L.) Swartz / Angelina A. Atienza, Erna C. Arollado, Richelle Ann M. Manalo, Leslie B. Tomagan and Gerwin Louis T. Dela Torre / Der Pharma Chemica, 2016; 8(17): pp 99-104
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Antiulcerogenic Activity of Caesalpinia Pulcherrima Leaves / S.A. Ayaz, S. Mujahid, Shaikh Aatif, M. Mukhtar, S. Iftequar / International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research & Allied Sciences, 2015; 4(2): pp 74-78
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IN-VITRO STUDY OF ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF STEM BARK OF CAESALPINIA PULCHERRIMA LINN. / Atul Nagnath Zhipare, Vaishali Madhukar Mute, Archana Sopan More, Deorao Madhaorao Awari / World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2914; 3(2): 2079-2089
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Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles formation from Caesalpinia pulcherrima stem metabolites and their broad spectrum biological activities / Pooja Moteriya, Sumitra Chanda / Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, June 2018; 16(1): pp 105-115 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgeb.2017.12.003
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Pilot Study on Newly Developed Botanical Larvicides and Repellents against Aedes Mosquitoes in Myanmar / Htin Zaw Soe, Sein Min, Maung Maung Mya, Khine Khine Lwin, Aye Win Oo & Myat Khine / Global Journal of Medical Research: K Interdisciplinary, 2017; Volume 17, Issue 2
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DESIGN, FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF A POLYHERBAL OINTMENT FOR ITS WOUND HEALING ACTIVITY / Kavitha AN, Deepthi V and Naira Nayeem / Pharmacophore, 2013; 4 (5): pp 175-180
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Chemical constituents of leaf essential oils of two varieties of Caesalpinia pulcherrima Linn growing in north central Nigeria / L.A. Usman, M.F Zubair1, N.O Olawore, M. Ashamu, R.O. Ismaeel and I.A. Oladosu / Elixir Org. Chem., 2012; 44: pp 7085-7087

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