HOME      •      SEARCH      •      EMAIL    •     ABOUT

Family Rubiaceae
Bulobangkal
Nauclea subdita (Korth.) Steud.
SOUTHERN BANGKAL

Scientifric names  Common names 
Nauclea dasphylla (Miq.) Merr. Bangkal (Tag., S. L. Bis.) 
Nauclea glaberrima Blanco Bulobangkal (Tag.)
Nauclea hirsuta (Havil.) Merr. Bulobankal (P. Bis.) 
Nauclea horsfeldii (Miq.) Bremek. Kabak (S. L. Bis.) 
Nauclea junghuhnii (Miq.) Merr. Kalamansanai (Sul.) 
Nauclea mitragyna (Miq.) Merr. Magalablab (Bag.) 
Nauclea multicephala (Elmer) Merr. Mambog (Bik.)
Nauclea pubescens (Valeton) Merr. Mamuloko (Bag.) 
Nauclea subdita (Korth.) Steud. Nato (Ibn., Lan.) 
Platanocarpum subditum Korth. Sapauan (Mand.) 
Sarcocephalus dasyphyllus Miq. Tiroron (Bik.) 
Sarcocephalus hirsutus Havil. Southern bangkal (Engl.) 
Sarcocephalus horsfeldii Miq.  
Sarcocephalus junghuhnii Miq.  
Sarcocephalus mitragynus Miq.  
Sarcocephalus multicephaus Elmer  
Sarcocephalus pubescens Valeton  
Sarcocephalus subditus (Korth.)  Miq.  
Bangkal is the local name for two species of Genus Nauclea: Bulobangkal (Nauclea Junghuhnii) and Bangkal (Nauclea orientalis).
Nauclea junghuhnii (Miq.) Merr. is a synonym of Nauclea subdita (Korth.) Steud. The Plant List
Nauclea subdita (Korth.) Steud. is an accepted name. The Plant List

Other vernacular names
INDONESIAN: Bangkal laki-laki, Koome banga.
MALAYSIAN:: Gedembah, Lempedu jawa, Lwmpeduh tanah.

Gen info
- Nauclea is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. The name derives from Greek words naus, meaning "ship" and kleio, meaning "to close"", referring to the resemblance of the cells of the capsule to a ship's hull. (10)

Botany
Bulobangkal is a tree reaching a height of 25 meters and a diameter of 50 centimeters. Leaves are leathery, ovate, 8 to 20 centimeters long, pointed at the tip, rounded or pointed at the base, on petioles about 2 centimeters long. Flowers are yellow, occurring in rounded heads. The lower part of the flower, including the ovaries, are united to form a sort of ball from which the corollas project like pins from a pin cushion. When the corolla falls off, the ball enlarges and becomes a fruit. Fruit is fleshy, brown, pitted on the surface, rounded and about 2 centimeters in diameter.

Distribution
- Found in primary forests at low altitudes in Isabela, Quezon, Zambales, Camarines, Sorsogon and Albay Provinces in Luzon; in Masbate, Leyte, Negros and Mindanao.
- Native to Assam, Borneo, Java, Lesser Sunda Is., Malaya, Maluku, Philippines, Sulawesi, and Sumatra.
(14)
- Planted to stabilize river banks; occasionally planted as a hedge plant. (11)

Constituents
• Study yielded a new apoptotic monoterpenoid indole alkaloid, subditine, together with four known compounds. (See study below) (2)
• Phytochemical screening of methanolic crude extracts yielded phenolic compounds, flavanoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, phytosterols, and saponins in the heartwood of young and mature plants, while only phytosterols were detected in hexane extracts. (see study below) (4)
• Study isolated angustoline monohydrate--1-(1-Hydroxyethyl)-7,8-dihydroindolo- [2,3-a]pyridine[3,4-g]quinolizin-5(13H)- one (angustoline) monohydrate. (6)

Properties
• Studies have suggested antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antiproliferative properties.

Parts used
Bark, leaves.

Uses
Edibility
- Young leaves and fruits are edible. (12)
Folkloric
- Decoction of bark used to regulate menstruation.
- In Borneo, Dayak women treat the skin with natural ingredients, one of which is taya cortex (Nauclea subdita). (7)

Studies
Subditine / Antiproliferative / Anti-Prostate Cancer / Bark:
Study yielded subditine, a new apoptotic monoterpenoid alkaloid, together with four known compounds, from the bark of Nauclea subdita. Subditine demonstrated the most potent cell growth inhibition activity against LNCaP with an IC50 of 12.24 — 0.19 µM and PC-3 with an IC50 of 13.97 ± 0.32 µM. Subditine treatment exerted antiproliferative effect on LNCaP and PC-3 human prostate cancer cells through induction of apoptosis. (2)
Total Phenolic Content / Free Radical Scavenging / Heartwood: Study of heartwood parts of Nauclea subdita showed a total phenolic content of 760 nm. Methanolic extracts was checked for antioxidant activity using a DPPH assay. Results from the study showed a potential source of natural antioxidants for food and nutraceutical applications. (3)
• Antioxidant / Heartwood: In a study for total phenolic content and antioxidant activity, the young heartwood of N. subdita trees yielded high TPC than mature heartwood. Extracts of heartwood parts showed promising free radical scavenging activity in DPPH assay in a concentration dependent manner. (see constituents above) (4)
• Antimicrobial / Stem Bark: Study evaluated the antimicrobial activity of Nauclea subdita against six pathogenic microorganisms. Mature trees showed more potent zones of inhibition than young trees. The extract was more potent to both marine bacteria, Vibrio parahaemoliticus and V. alginolyticus, while Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger were resistant to it. (5)
• Antioxidant / Tyrosinase Inhibitory: Study evaluated the antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibitory activity of a stable gel formulation of taya cortex extract. Results showed inhibition of tyrosinase extract with IC50 of 568.58 µg/mL in L-tyrosine and 1374.69 µg/mL in L-DOPA, larger than standard kolic acid. The extract showed significant antioxidant activity (<50 µg/mL) with IC50 of 15.69 µg/mL compared to standard quercetin of 10.12 µg/mL. Safety study showed the gel preparation as safe to use topically while increasing skin elasticity changes. (7)
• Immunostimulant / Hematological Effects / Leaves: Study evaluated the efficacy of different doses of N. subdita leaf extract on hematological and histological changes in kidney and liver of catfish (Pangasius hypophthalmus) infected by Aeromonas hydrophila. N. subdita leaf extract reduced mortality caused by A. hydrophila. There was reduction in inflammation by decreasing the activity of neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes, along with increase in decreased levels of Hb and Hct. Liver and kidney necrosis were also decreased. Results indicated the leaf extract stimulated immunity and increased resistance of the catfish. Study suggests a potential source for future drug development and food applications. (9)
• Angustine / Hematological Effects / Leaves: Study evaluated the ß-glucuronidase inhibitory effect of compounds isolated from Nauclea subdita and Alpinia pahangensis, together with their mode of inhibition, and interactions with the enzyme. Angustine (1) and (E)-labda-8(17),12-dien-15,16-dial (2) were secondary metabolites isolated from Nauclea subdita and Alpinia pahangensis, respectively. Both exhibited potent inhibitory activities against ß-glucuronidase enzyme, with IC50 of 5.6 ± 0.70 µM for N. subdita. The compounds were non--competitive inhibitors, Compound 1 was predicted to be a more active inhibitor through in silico molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation studies. (11)
• Subtidine / Anticancer / Bark: Study isolated subtidine, a monoterpene indole alkaloid, from the bark of N. subdita. It was found to activate apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner un human prostate cancer cells through the intrinsice pathway. Subtidine treatment led to higher p53 expression and downregulation of Bcl2 and Bcl-xL, thus inhibiting their anti-apoptotic activity. (13)

Availability
Wild-crafted. 

Updated June 2021 / March 2018 / June 2014

PHOTOS / ILLUSTRATIONS
IMAGE SOURCE / Public Domain / File:Sarcocephalum subditus Blanco1.51.png / Flora de Filipinas / Franciso Manuel Blanco (OSA), 1880-1883 / Modifications by Carol Spears / Wikimedia Commons
Additional Sources and Suggested Readings
(1)
Nauclea subdita / Synonyms / The Plant List
(2)
Subditine, a New Monoterpenoid Indole Alkaloid from Bark of Nauclea subdita (Korth.) Steud. Induces Apoptosis in Human Prostate Cancer Cells. / Liew SY, Looi CY, Paydar M, Cheah FK, Leong KH, et al. (2014) / PLoS ONE 9(2): e87286. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0087286
(3)
Total phenolic contents and free-radical scavenging activities from methanolic extracts of Nauclea subdita (Korth) Steud. heartwood / Jamaluddin, Fatin Ruzanna; Wahab, Razak; Daud, Jamaluddin M.; Rahman, Shafiqur / Advances in Natural & Applied Sciences;2012, Vol. 6 Issue 7: pp 1116-1124 / ISSN: 1995-0772
(4)
Study on Methanolic Extracts of Nauclea subdita (Korth) Steud. Heartwood Parts for the Total Phenolic Contents and Free Radical Scavenging Activities / R.J. Fatin, R. Wahab, J.M. Daud, M. Sudin, M.S. Rasat and O. Sulaiman / Current Research Journal of Biological Sciences 4(5): pp 600-607, 201
2
(5)
Antimicrobial activities of stembark and wood extracts from Nauclea subdita against pathogenic microorganisms / Razak Wahab, Fatin Ruzanna, Seng Hua Lee, Jamaluddin Mohd Daud / Malaysian Journal of Microbiology, Vol 11, No 5 (2015): pp 365-372 / DOI: 10.21161/mjm.72015 / ISSN: 2231-7538
(6)
1-(1-Hydroxyethyl)-7,8-dihydroindolo- [2,3-a]pyridine[3,4-g]quinolizin-5(13H)- one (angustoline) monohydrate from Nauclea subdita (Rubiaceae) / Sook Yee Liew,a Mat Ropi Mukhtar, Khalijah Awang, Mohd Rais Mustafa and Seik Weng Ng* / Acta Crystallographica Section E / Structure Reports
(7)
Antioxidant Activity Assay, Inhibition of Tyrosinase and Efficacy Test of Gel Containing Taya Cortex (Nauclea subdita) Extract to the Skin / Meiliana Charissa, Berna Elya, Joshita Djajadisastra
(8)
In Vitro Sunscreen Potency Test Of Ethyl Acetate Fraction From Stem Bark Of Bangkal (Nauclea subdita / Dina Rahmawanty, Zakiah Fadhillaturrahmah / Prosiding Seminar Nasional & Workshop, Padang, 6-7 November 2015
(9)
Effect of Nauclea subdita (Korth.) Steud. leaf extract on hematological and histopathological changes in liver and kidney of striped catfish infected by Aeromonas hydrophila / Siti Aisiah, Arief Prajitno, Maftuch Maftuch, Ating Yuniarti / Vet World, Jan 2020; 13(1): pp 47-53 / DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.47-53
(10)
|Nauclea / Wikipedia
(11)
ß-Glucoronidase inhibitors from Malaysian plants / Sook Yee Liew, Khalijah Awang et al / Journal of Molecular Structure, Dec 2020l Vol 221: 128743 / DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.128743
(12)
Nauclea L. / PROSEA
(13)
Emerging Cytotoxic Alkaloids in the Battle against Cancer: Overview of Molecular Mechanisms / Zeina Habli, Geoorgio Toumieh, Maamoun Fatfat , Omar Nasser Rahal, Hala Gali-Muhtasib / Molecules, 2020; 22(2) / DOI: 10.3389/molecules22020250
(14)
Nauclea subdita / Plants of the World Online

DOI: It is not uncommon for links on studies/sources to change. Copying and pasting the information on the search window or using the DOI (if available) will often redirect to the new link page. (Citing and Using a (DOI) Digital Object Identifier)

                                                            List of Understudied Philippine Medicinal Plants

HOME      •      SEARCH      •      EMAIL