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Family Ebenaceae
Burma kanomoi
Diospyros ehretioides Wall. ex G.Don
NO ENGLISH NAME
Hong zhi shi

Scientific names Common names
Diospyros ehretioides Wall. ex G.Don Burma kanomoi (Engl.)
Diospyros harmandii Lecomte  
Diospyros putii Fletcher  
Diospyros ehretioides Wall. ex G.Don is an accepted name. The Plant List
Note: No common names found at time of inclusion in the compilation (Dr. Stuart:May2020)

Other vernacular names
CHINESE: Hong zhi shi.

Gen info
Diospyros is a genus of over 700 species of deciduous and evergreen trees and shrubs. The majority are native to the tropics. Some are values for thei hard, dark, and heavy timber; others valued for fruits; some used as ornamentals.

Botany
Diospyros ehretioides is a deciduous tree with a spreading crown, growing to a height of 16 meters, with a trunk up to 150 centimet4rs. Petioled are about 1 centimeter. Leaf blade is oblong-elliptic to elliptic.8 to 20 by6.5 to 9 centimeters, leathery, baxiallu pubescent and denser in the middle,adaxially pbescent, glabrescent except for hairs along th midrib, base broadly cuneate to rounded; apex acute to rounded, lateral veins 6 to 10 per side, reticulate veinlets lax, slender, and raised on both surfaces Male flowers are in 3-flowered cymes, usually on current year's branchlets, small; calyx brownish villose, lobes 4; corollat about twice as long as the calyx.. Female flowers in pedunculate cymes, pedicels much shorter than peduncle, often only one forming fruit.. Fruiting calyx deeply divided, 1.5 to 1.8 centimeters i diameter, lobes some eventualy strongly reflexed, about 7 by 6 millimeters, often unequal, pubescent. Fruits are globose berries, up to 3.5 centimeters in diameter. Seeds are compressed, oblong, about 1.5 centimeters, endosperm ruminate. (9)

Distribution
- Introduced.
- An understorey tree in dense to open forets or slopes
- in southern China. India, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia. (6)

Constituents
- Study of dried fruits isolated deoxypreussomerin derivatives, palmarumycins JC1 (1) and JC2 (2), and two dimeric naphthoquinones, isodiospyrin (3) and its new derivative isodiosprol A (4). (see study below) (2)
- Study of stems isolated a new a new (naphthalenyl) methyl acetate, (1,4,5-trimethoxynaphthalen-2-yl)methyl acetate (1) and (±)-4,5-dihydroxy-2-methyltetralone (2) were isolated together with five lupane triterpenes (3–7), naphthoquinone derivatives (813), coumarins (14 and 15) and a vanillic acid (16). (see study below) (3)
- Preliminary phytochemical screening of air-dried stem bark yielded flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids, glycosides, reducing sugars, lipophilics, polyphenols, tannins, and phenolic compounds. An isolated compound (1) was identified as lupeol. (4)

Properties
- Studies have suggested antimalarial, antimycobacterial, cytotoxic, antifungal properties.

Parts used
Fruits and stems.

Uses

Folkloric
- No reported medicinal use in the Philippines.
In Thailand, a component in herbal formulations for asthma (macerated mixture of D. ehretioides, Memecyclon scutellaum, and Rothmannia wittii) and alimentary bleeding and inflammation (decoction of D. ehretioides and Cassia siamea). (5)
Others
- Wood: Wood is moderately hard, even-grained, dark gray, with darker streaks, sometimes handsomely mottled.
Used for house posts. (6)

Studies
Bioactive Deoxypreussomerins / Antimalarial / Antimycobacterial / Antifungal / Cytotoxic / Dried Fruits:
Study of dried fruits isolated deoxypreussomerin derivatives, palmarumycins JC1 (1) and JC2 (2), and two dimeric naphthoquinones, isodiospyrin (3) and its new derivative isodiosprol A (4). The palmarumycins were not found in fresh fruit extracts, which suggests the palmarumycins JC1 and LC2 were more likely fungal metabolites, i.e., endophytes or epiphytes. JC2 exhibited antimalarial, antifungal, antimycobacterial, and cytotoxic activities. Isodiospyrol A (4) exhibited antimalarial and antimycobacterial activites. Compound 4 exhibited cytotoxicity against BC cells but not towards KB and Vero cell lines. (2)
Cytotoxicity Against Cancer Cell Lines / Stems: Study of stems isolated a new a new (naphthalenyl) methyl acetate, (1,4,5-trimethoxynaphthalen-2-yl)methyl acetate (1) and (±)-4,5-dihydroxy-2-methyltetralone (2) were isolated together with five lupane triterpenes (3–7), naphthoquinone derivatives (813), coumarins (14 and 15) and a vanillic acid (16). Compounds 1 and 2 showed significant cytotoxicity against three cancer cell lines, HeLa, HCT116, and MCF-7 with IC50s in the range of 5.05-15.90 µg/mL, while compound 16 showed cytotoxicity against HeLa and HCT116 cells lines but no toxicity to Vero cells. (3)

Availability
- Wild-crafted.

May 2020

                                                     PHOTOS / ILLUSTRATIONS
IMAGE SOURCE: Photographs: (2) Leave ad fruits / costata / © FCA16MR.COM <http://www.naturemuseum.net/album/ShowPhoto.aspx?photoid=2671c974-77ca-44f9-b304-0f16660a06f7> Helixcn
OTHER IMAGE SOURCE: /Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Kunth ex Walp. - quickstick GLSE2 /Steve Hurst @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database / USDA
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OTHER IMAGE SOURCE: / File:Cocos nucifera Blanco2.364.png / Plate from book / Flora de Filipinas / Francisco Manuel Blanco (OSA) / Public Domain / Wikimedia Commons
IMAGE SOURCE: / Photos (2) / Pterocaulon redolens (Willd.) F.-Vill. / © Collected by www.plant.ac.cn / ZHIWUTONG / CLICK ON IMAGE TO GO TO SOURCE PAGE
IMAGE SOURCE: / Line drawing / Pterocaulon redolens (Willd.) F.-Vill. / © Collected by www.plant.ac.cn / ZHIWUTONG / CLICK ON IMAGE TO GO TO SOURCE PAGE

Additional Sources and Suggested Readings
(1)
Diospyros ehretioides / Synonyms / The Plant List

(2)
Bioactive deoxypreussomerins and dimeric naphthoquinones from Diospyros ehretioides fruits: deoxypreussomerins may not be plant metabolites but may be from fungal epiphytes or endophytes. / Prajoubklang A, Sirithunyalug B, Charoenchai P et al / Chem Biodivers, Oct 2005; 2(10): pp 1358-1367
(3)
Cytotoxic compounds from the stems of Diospyros ehretioidesand their bioactivity / Pattamaporn Wosawat,Thanaset Senawong, Nattawut Suchaichit, Natcha P. Suchaichit, Kwanjai Kanokmedhakul,  Somdej Kanokmedhakul  et al / Natural Products Research / https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2020.1749610
(4)
Isolation and Structural Characterization of Lupeol from the Stem Bark of Diospyros ehretioides Wall. / Htay Htay Shwe, Khaing Khaing Win, Tin Tin Moe, Aye Aye Myint4, Thida Win / IEEE-SEM, Aug 2019; 7(8) / ISSN 2320-9151
(5)
The Therapeutic and Clinical Drug Review of Thai Traditional Herbal Remedies Extracted from Ancient Thai Medicinal Manuscript Volume No. 3 of Palm Leaf Scriptures / Buavaroon Srichaikul; Supachai Samappito; Gordon Bakker; Sunthorn Dejchai, Kittiphong Boonsong; Alisa Thongkong; Sathaporn Japa / Advances in Natural Science, 2012; 5(1): pp 29-36 / DOI:10.3968/j.ans.1715787020120501.1037
(6)
Diospyros ehretioides / Ken Fern, Tropical Plants Database / Useful Tropical Plants
(7)
Diospyros / Wikipedia
(8)
A Taxonomic Study of the Ebenaceae with Sp9ecial Reference to Malesia / Francis S P Ng, Wolfson College / Thesis, 1971: University of Oxford.
(9)
Biospyros ehretioides / FFOC: Vol 15; page 233 / lora of China

                                                                          DOI
It is not uncommon for links on studies/sources to change. Copying and pasting the information on the search window or using the DOI (if available) will often redirect to the new link page. (Citing and Using a (DOI) Digital Object Identifier)

                                                            List of Understudied Philippine Medicinal Plants

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