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Family Polygonaceae

Cadena de amor
Antigonon leptopus Hook. & Arn.
CORAL VINE

Scientific names Common names
Antigonon amabie K.Koch Cadena-de-amor (Span., Tag.)
Antigonon cinerascens M.Martens & Galeotti Bride's tears (Engl.)
Antigonon cordatum M.Martens & Galeotti Chain of love (Engl.)
Antigonon leptopus Hook. & Arn. Chinese love vine (Engl.)
Antigonon platypus Hook. & Arn. Confederate vine (Engl.)
Corculum leptopum Stuntz Coral bells (Engl.)
  Coral creeper (Engl.)
  Coral vine (Engl.)
  Hearts on a chain (Engl.)
  Love chain (Engl.)
  Love vine (Engl.)
  Mountain rose (Engl.)
  Pink vine (Engl.)
  Queen's wreath (Engl.)
Antigonon leptopus Hook. & Arn. is an accepted name The Plant List

Other vernacular names
AFRIKAANS: Koraalranker.
BENGALI: Anantalata.
CHAMORROL Flores kadena, Cadena de amor.
DUTCH: Engletare.
FINNISH: Korallikoynnos.
FRENCH: Antigone, Antigone a pied grele, Liane antigone, Liane corail, Rosa de Montana.
INDIA: Kodi rose, Picchibatani.
INDONESIA: Nunga air mata pengantin.
JAMAICA :Coralila, Coralita.
SPANISH: Bellisima, Cadena de amor, Coralillo, Coralillo rosado, Coralita, Pensamiento.
SWEDISH: Rosensky.
TAMIL: Kodi rose.

 

Botany
Cadena-de-amor is a climbing, somewhat woody, perennial vine, with stems attaining a length of 10 meters. Leaves are alternate, ovate to oblong-ovate, with cordate base, serrate margins, up to 10 centimeters long. Flowers are borne in racemes at the upper axils of the terminal parts of the branches, the rachis of the racemes producing tendrils. Flowers are white or pale to deep pink, up to 2 centimeters long, with 5-parted and persistent perianth. Fruit is an ovoid achene, about 1 centimeters long, broad at the base, narrowing towards the tip, loosely surrounded by the persistent lobes of the flower.

Distribution
- Widespread in the Philippines.
- Usually cultivated in gardens.
- Some have escaped cultivation to become a noxious and invasive weed
.

- Native to Mexico.
- Found in tropical Asia, Africa, Caribbean and the Americas.

Constituents
- Phytochemical screening of plants flowers extracts yielded alkaloids, quinines, resins, tannins, fixed oils, flavonoids, fats, saponins phenolic compounds, proteins, and carboxylic acids.
- Screening of methanol extracts of flowers yielded phenol, saponins, amino acids, steroids, phytosterols, triterpenoidal sapogenins, tannins, xanthoproteins, carboxylic acid, and coumarins.
- A methanol extract of the aerial part of the flower yielded (1) n-hentriacontane (1), ferulic acid (2), 4-hydroxycinnamic acid (3), quercetin-3-rhamnoside (4), and kaempherol-3-glucoside (5) along with ß-sitosterol, ß-sitosterol-glucoside and d-mannitol. (see study below)
(1)
- An ethanol extract yielded a known compound, quercetin-3-O-α-rhamnopyranoside and four novel anthraquinones: 1,8-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-3-methoxy-2-pyrrolidinium anthraquinone, 1,8-dihydroxy-6-(methyl)-3-methoxy-2-pyrrolidinium anthraquinone, 1,8-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-3-methoxy-2-piperidinium anthraquinone, 1,8-dihydroxy-6-(methyl)-3-methoxy-2-piperidinium anthraquinone. (see study below) (14)
- Phytochemical screening of ethanol extract of leaves yielded alkaloids, saponins, tannins, unsaturated sterol and/or triterpenes, flavonoids, glycosides, an coumarins. (see study below) (19)
- Phytochemical screening of ethanolic leaf extract yielded alkaloids, carbohydrates, glycosides, phenolic compounds, tannins, saponins, and flavonoids. (see study below) (31)

Properties
- Studies have shown anti-thrombin, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, antioxidant, anti-hyperlipidemic, lipid peroxidation inhibitory properties.

Parts used
Bark, fruit, leaves and seeds.

Uses
Edibility
- In
some parts of the world, the tubers and flowers are consumed as food.
- In Thailand, leaves and flowers, flour-coated and fried, are served with noodles.
- Coral vine flowers are an important ingredient of certain omelets and salads in Thai cuisine. (25)
- Flowers also used in omelets.
- Aerial parts, including flowers, used in the preparation of tea, used as a cold remedy.

Folkloric

- In the Philippines, an isolated report of use by Ifugao-migrants in the foothills of the Sierra Madre for wound closure. (
8)
- Leaves used reduc
e swelling; tea leaves used for diabetes; blossoms used for high blood pressure.
- In Trinidad and Tobago, used for diabetes, low blood pressure, and as a heart tonic.
- Tea from aerial parts used as remedy for colds and pain relief. (5)
- Aerial portion of the flowers used in decoctions as a cold remedy. (
1)
- In other countries decoction of aerial parts used as a remedy for colds and pain relief.
- In Jamaica, decoction of aerial parts traditionally used for prevention of cough and flu-related pains.
(In urban Jamaica, ranked as the fourth most frequently reported medicinal plant.)
- In
Sudan, leaves used for cough and throat constriction.
- In Baja, California, the coral vine seeds are roasted like popcorn and the while meal, found within the puffed out seeds could be ground, boiled, fried or baked. (25)

Others
- Decorative: Flower clusters popular for use in flower and foliage arrangements for social functions.

Studies
Phytochemicals / Lipid peroxidation and Selective COX2 Enzyme Inhibition: Stud
y of methanolic extract of aerial parts yielded n-hentriacontane (1) ferulic acid (2) 4-hydroxycinnamic acid (3) quercetin-3-rhamnoside (4) and kaempherol-3-glucoside (5) along with ß-sitosterol, ß-sitosterol-glucoside and d-mannitol. Results showed LPO (lipid peroxidation) and COX (cyclooxygenase) inhibitory activities. (1)
Antithrombin activity: A chromogenic bioassay was utilized to determine the antithrombin activity of methylene chloride and methanol extracts prepared from 30 plants of central Florida. Antigonon leptopus was one of seven extracts that demonstrated activity of 80% or higher in the bioassay system. (
2)
Analgesic / Anti
-Inflammatory / Roots: A study investigated a methanolic extract of roots of Antigonon leptopus for anti-inflammatory activity in mice and rats. Results showed promising anti-inflammatory activity against acute and sub-acute inflammation, which may be due to prostaglandin inhibition and reduction of oxidative stress. (
4) (12)
COX-2 and LPO Inhibitory Activity / Aerial Parts: Study evaluated A. leptopus tea from dried aerial parts for lipid peroxidation (LPO) and cyclooxygenase (COX1 and COX2) enzyme inhibitory activities. Study yielded a selective COX-2 enzyme inhibitory phenolic aldehyde, 2,3,4-trihydroxy benzaldehyde. The isolated compound 1 from A. leptopus tea showed selective COX-2 enzyme and LPO inhibitory activities. (5)
Antifilarial: Extract study showed A leptopus possessed significant juvenile hormone analogue activity against Culex quinquefasciatus.
(
6)
Anti-Diabetic / Aerial Parts / Flowers: Study of the methanolic extract of aerial parts of Antigonon leptopus showed significant antidiabetic activity and supports its traditional claim of use in diabetes and its associated complications
. (
7) Study of methanolic extract of flowers showed antihyperglycemic effect at 200 mg/kg. The effect was comparable to reference drug glibenclamide. (27)
Antibacterial / Flowers: Study evaluated the antibacterial properties of flower extracts of Antigonon leptopus. The ethanol and chloroform extracts exhibited significant concentration-dependent inhibition against B. subtilis, Bacillus peritlis and Salmonella typhi. (
9) Phytochemical antibacterial screening of four flower extracts revealed the presence of higher chemical diversity and antibacterial activity in methanolic extracts of A. lebbeck and A. leptopus. (23)
Antimicrobial / Dental Pathogens: Study showed the flower extracts of Antigonon leptopus showed potent antimicrobial activity against common human dental pathogens - Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Micrococcus albus. (10)
Anthelmintic / Roots and Rhizomes: Extracts of Antigonon leptopus roots and rhizomes was tested for in vitro anthelmintic activity against earthworms Pheretima posthuma. The ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of A. leptopus significant exhibited paralysis and caused death of worms. (13)
Novel Anthraquinone Derivatives / Antibacterial / Aerial Parts: An ethanol extract yielded a known compound, quercetin-3-O-α-rhamnopyranoside and four novel anthraquinones. Two of the new compounds showed antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus. (14)
Anthelmintic / Leaves: Study of a chloroform fraction of methanolic extract of leaves of A. leptopus against Pheretima posthuma showed significant in-vitro anthelmintic activity. Phytochemical screening yielded many compounds including phenols, hydrocarbons, quinazolines, coumarins, steroids, and terpenes like cadinene, juniper camphor, among others. (15)
Antioxidant / Cytotoxicity / Leaves:
Study of an ethanol extract of leaves showed free radical scavenging activity using DPPH assay and cytotoxicity effects on MTT-assay of Vero cell line. (see constituents above) (19)

Anti-Gout / New Steroidal Saponin / Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitor: Antigonon leptopus is a herbal remedy for pain and gout-like symptoms in the Philippines, A methanol extract has shown strong inhibitory activity against xanthine oxidase. Study isolated a compound determined to be a noncompetitive inhibitor of xanthine with an IC50 of 1.79 µg/ml. The IC50 was comparable to allopurinol and may represent a new class of XO inhibitors. (
20)
Cytotoxic / Antimitotic / Flowers: Study evaluated the cytotoxic and antimitotic activity of A. leptopus flower extract.
All three concentrations of AL flower extract (10, 100, 1000 ppm) exhibited cytotoxic activity against A. salina larvae. A. leptopus crude extract exhibited an inhibition of the growth of onion roots. (21)
Corrosion Inhibition: Study evaluated the inhibitive action of A. leptopus acid extract on corrosion of mild steel in 1M H2SO4. Results demonstrated effective corrosion inhibition in the acid medium, with the inhibition efficiency increasing with increase in temperature and concentration. (22)
• Corrosion Inhibition: Study evaluated the corrosion inhibition efficiency of an acid extract of A. leptopus in 1 M HCl medium. Polarization studies reveal the extract as a good mixed type inhibitor and was found to inhibit corrosion of mild steel in HCl acid media.(24)
• Cytotoxic / Anthelmintic: Study evaluated in in-vitro cytotoxic activity and anthelmintic effects of chloroform extract of A. leptopus. Results did not show significant cytotoxicity against CHOK 1 cell line with IC50 >1000 µg/ml and against A-549 cell line (Human Lung AdenoCa) with IC50 >1000. Study showed significant anthelmintic activity against Pheretima posthuma. (26)
• Antifungal / Leaves: Study evaluated the antifungal activity of leaf extracts of five invasive plant species against Macrophomina phaseolina. Total activity was highest in Antipogon leptopus (2340 ml/g) with MIC 0.625 mg/ml. (28)
• Au-Ag Nanoparticles: Study reports on the simple, rapid, green single-pot approach for the synthesis of bimetallic Au/Ag nanoparticles using a highly invasive terrestrial weed coral vine. Infra-red spectroscopic study indicated the presence of phenolics (including flavonoids) and proteins, which would have been responsible for the formation and stabilization of the BNPs. (29)
• Hepato- and Nephroprotective / Cadmium Toxicity / Leaves: Cadmium is a non-essential toxic metal used in industrial process., which a high levels brings severe risk to human health, accumulating primarily in the liver and kidney. Study evaluated the protective effects of A. leptopus on the liver and kidney of cadmium treated rats. Cadmium significantly increased (p<0.05) the levels of liver enzymes and bilirubin and decreased total proteins and albumin, along with increased uric acid, urea and creatinine. GSH and caralase enzymes were significantly decreased while lipid peroxidation was increased in the hepatic and renal tissue. The extract at 200 mg/kg showed significant antioxidant effect and protective effect against cadmium induced hepatorenal toxicity. (
30)
• Antidepressant / Antioxidant / Leaves: Study evaluated the in vitro antioxidant and in vivo antidepressant activity of ethanolic leaf extract of Antigonon leptopus. Results showed dose-dependent in vitro antioxidant activity against phosphomolybdenum antioxidant assay, NO scavenging and hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity, comparable with standard ascorbic acid. In vivo antidepressant activity assessment showed significant (p<0.01) reduction in immobility in tail suspension and forced swim model of depression comparable to imipramine. In locomotor activity testing, it showed psychostimulant effect comparable to standard fluoxetine. (see constituents above) (31) Study evaluated the antidepresant activity of chloroform and ethanolic extracts of leaves of A. leptopus in albino rats by tail suspension technique. Both extracts exhibited significant antidepressant activity at all test dose i.e., ethanolic at 100 and 150 mg/kg and chloroform at 150 and 200 mg/kg. (
35)
• Hemolytic / Antioxidant / Leaves: Study evaluated the antioxidant and hemolytic activity of dried powder leaf extracts of Antigonon leptopus, Ficus benjamina, and Amaranthus tricolor. Among the tested plant extracts, the ethyl acetate extract of A. leptopus showed highest antioxidant potential using DPPH and ABTS assays. All plant extracts showed positive hemolytic activity. (32)
• Antihyperlipidemic / Leaves: Study evaluated the antihyperlipidemic property of A. leptopus leaves using a methanolic crude extract of leaves in Triton-X-100 induced hyperlipidemic male Sprague-Dawley rats. Results showed an antihyperlipidemic effect with significant reduction of TC, TG, LDL-C, and VLDL-C. Histopathologically, there was promising tissue specific antihyperlipidemic effect. (33)
• Disruption of Larval and Pupal Stages of Disease Vector / Leaves: Study evaluated the effect of leaf powder of Harungana madasgascariensis, Margaritaria discoidea, and Antigonon leptopus on the cycle of the housefly Musa domestica The leaf powders of all three plants showed promising biological effects in controlling the developmental stages of M. domestica, especially with plant powder concentration above 15%. (34)
• Hepatoprotective / Carbon Tetrachloride Toxicity / Roots & Rhizomes: Study evaluated the hepatoprotective activity of ethyl acetate and methanol extract of Antigonon leptopus against carbon tetrachloride induced liver damage in Wistar albino rats. Silymarin was used as reference standard. The extracts showed hepatoprotective effect evident from significant reduction in serum enzymes, SGOT. SGPT, ALP, and total bilirubin. (36)
• Silver Nanoparticles / Radical Scavenging / Catalytic Activity: Study reports on the rapid and single-step synthesis of silver nanoparticles using aqueous extracts of all parts (leaves, stem and roots) of A. leptopus. The AgNPs showed potential to scavenge free radicals and also showed catalytic activity. (38)

Availability
- Wildcrafted.
- Seeds in the cybermarket.

Updated October 2021 / January 2018 / January 2016

PHOTOS / ILLUSTRATIONS
Photos © Godofredo Stuart / StuartXchange
IMAGE SOURCE: SEEDS / Antigonon leptopus Hook. & Arn. - coral vine / Steve Hurst @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database / USDA

Additional Sources and Suggested Readings
(1)
Functional food components of Antigonon leptopus tea / Mulabagal Vanisreea, Ruby L. Alexander-Lindob, David L. DeWittc and Muraleedharan G. Nair / Food Chemistry • Volume 106, Issue 2, 15 January 2008, Pages 487-492 / doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.06.013
(2)
Antithrombin activity of medicinal plants from central Florida / Natalya Chistokhodova et al / Journal of Ethnopharmacology • Vol 81, Issue 2, July 2002, Pages 277-280 / doi:10.1016/S0378-8741(02)00097-1
(3)
Ethnomedicines used in Trinidad and Tobago for urinary problems and diabetes mellitus
(4)

Preliminary Studies of Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory Properties of Antigonon leptopus Hook. et Arn Roots in Experimental Models/ William Carey Mamidipalli et al / Journal of Health Science, 2008; 54(3): pp 281-286
/ DOI: httos://doi.org/ 10.1248/jhs.54.281
(5)
Health-Beneficial Phenolic Aldehyde in Antigonon leptopus Tea / Vanisree Mulabagal et al / doi:10.1093/ecam/nep041 / eCAM Advance Access published online on May 19, 2009 /
eCAM, doi:10.1093/ecam/nep041
(6)
Juvenoid activity in plant extracts against filarial mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus / Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Sciences
(7)
ANTIDIABETIC ACTIVITY OF AERIAL PARTS OF ANTIGONON LEPTOPUS HOOK. & ARN. IN ALLOXAN-INDUCED DIABETIC RATS
/ Surendar Angothu et al. / International Journal of Phytopharmacology. 1, 2010, 28-34.
(8)
The use of medicinal plants by Ifugao-migrants in the foothills of the Sierra Madre mountain range / Jasper Wester /
www.pine-and-sea.com
(9)
Preliminary phytochemical screening and antibacterial studies of the flowers of Antigonon leptopus
/ Naga Deepthi. Bolla , Praveen kumar. Bhogavalli / Annals of Biological Research, 2010, 1(4); 229-233
(10)
Studies on anti-microbial activity of flower extracts of Antigonon leptopus against common dental pathogens
/ Gupta A.V.N, Rama Rao. Bandlamuri, Jyothirmai. Jagarlamu and Praveen Kumar Bhogavalli / Annals of Biological Research, 2011, 2 (2) : 99-103
(11)
Coral vine / Common names / Flowers of India

(12)
Study of anti-inflammatory activity of Antigonon leptopus Hook. et Arn roots / WILLIAM M CAREY*, JEEVAN MANI BABU. D, VENKAT RAO. N, KRISHNA MOHAN. G / Journal of Pharmacy and Chemistry • Vol.2 • Issue 3, July - September 2008
(13)
ANTHELMINTIC ACTIVITIES OF ANTIGONON LEPTOPUS HOOK AND MUSSAENDA ERYTHROPHYLLA LAM / N. JAYA RAJU*, B. GANGA RAO / Int J Pharm Pharm Sci, Vol 3, Issue1, 68­69
(14)
Novel anthraquinone derivatives from the aerial parts of Antigonon leptopus Hook & Arn / Olaoluwa O. Olaoluwa, Olapeju O. Aiyelaagbe, Dianne Irwin, Matthew Reid / Tetrahedron, Volume 69, Issue 33, 19 August 2013, Pages 6906–6910
(15)
GC-MS PROFILING AND ANTHELMINTIC ACTIVITY OF ANTIGONON LEPTOPUS LEAVES / K. Sony Priya, K. Satyavathi, P. Bhojaraju, Y. Ratna Kumari, D. Venkatesh Prasad, M. Sesha Sai Durga, P. Mercy Preeti, K. Pardhava Lovaraju and Lakshmi Kanta Kanthal / IJPSR , 2014; Vol 5, Issue 5:pp 1914-1918 / eISSN: 0975-8232 / pISSN: 2320-5148
(16)
Preliminary phytochemical studies on the methanolic flower extracts of some selected medicinal plants from India / Johnson Marimuthu @ Antonisamy*, Jalaja Sreekumar Aparna, Solomon Jeeva, Selvamony Sukumaran, Babu Anantham / Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine (2012)S79-S82
(17)
Antigonon leptopus: a potent biological source for extermination of fish bacterial pathogens Providencia and Aeromonas. / Balasubramani Govindasamy, Deepak Paramasivam, Sowmiya Rajamani, Ramkumar Rajendiran, Perumal Pachiappan
(18)
Antipogon leptopus / Synonyms / The Plant List
(19)
Antioxidant activity, phytochemical screening and cytotoxicity of ethanolic leaves extract of Antigonon leptopus
/ Abdelrhman M. Elhaj*, El-badri E. Osman, Waleed S. Koko, Mohammed I. Garbi, and Ahmed S. Kabbashi / Research Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Management. Vol. 4(4), pp. 202-207, April, 2015
(20)
New steroidal saponin from Antigonon leptopus Hook. and Arn. / Maria Karmella L Apaya, Christine L Chichioco-Hernandez / Pharmacognosy Magazine, 2014, Volume 10, Issue 39: pp 501-505 / PMID: 25298666 / DOI: 10.4103/0973-1296.139781
(21)
Determination of the cytotic and the preliminary assessment of the antimitotic activity of the crude extract of Antigonon leptopus (Cadena de amor) flower. / Kristine N. Concepcion, Robelyn B. Lorca, Joana Nica D. Nadurarta, Rezyl P. Tuba-on, Angelita A. Rodriguez / Thesis-Dissertations: March 2014
(22)
Inhibition Effect of Antigonon Leptopus Extract on Mild Steel in Sulphuric Acid Medium / S. Aejitha, P.K. Kasthuri, Geethamani
(23)
Preliminary Phytochemical and Antibacterial Studies on Flowers of Selected Medicinal Plants / S. Jeeva, M. Johnson, J S Aparna, V Irudayaraj
(24)
Corrosion Studies with Antigonon Leptopus in 1 M HCl /  S. Aejitha, P. K. Kasthuri and Geethamani  / Interntional Journal of Chemical Sciences
(25)
Versatile Coral Vine HIghly Edible and Ornamental / LA Daily News
(26)
In-vitro cytotoxic activity and anthelmintic effect of chloroform extract of Antigonon leptopus Hook & Arn / Lakshmikanta Kanthal*, Vasamsetti Divija, Dadala Dhanalakshmi, Vadrevu Laharika, Kausik Bhar, Sreejan Manna, Kodidasu Satish Kumar and M. V. V. N. Satyanarayana / Der Pharma Chemica, 2016, 8(15):129-133
(27)
Antidiabetic Effect of Flower Extract of Antigonon leptopus Hook & Arn in Alloxan-induced Diabetic Rats / Sujatha S, Swaroopa Rani V*and Ravikumar B / Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, 2012; 46(1):9-16
(28)
Preliminary Phytochemical Analysis and In Vitro Evaluation of Antifungal Activity of Five Invasive Plant Species against Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid / S Rashmi, H G Rajkumar / International Journal of Plant Research 2011; 1(1): 11-15 / DOI: 10.5923/j.plant.20110101.02
(29)
Rapid and green synthesis of bimetallic Au-Ag nanoparticles using an otherwise worthless weed Antigonon leptopus / S U Ganaie, Taaaasssssneem Abbasi, S A Abbasi / Journal of Experimental Nanoscience, 2016; 11(6) / DOI: httpsL//doi.org/10.1080/174580.2015.1070311
(30)
Protective effect of Antigonon leptopus (Hook et Arn) in cadmium induced hepatotoxicity and nephotoxicity in rats / Madhuri Poosa, Swaroopa Rani Vanapatla / Clinical Phytoscience, 2020; 6(32) /
DOIL https://doi.org/10.1186/s40816-020-00181-0
(31)
Phytochemical investigation, in vitro antioxidant, and in vivo antidepressant activity of ethanolic leaf extract of Antigonon leptopus / Dr G V N Kiranmayi / IJGP: International Journal of Green Pharmacy, 2018; 12(1) / pISSN: 0973-8258 / eISSN: 1998-4103
(32)
Comparative evaluation of antioxidant and hemolytic potential of ornamental plants Ficus benjamina, Antigonon leptopus, and Amaranthus tricolor / B S Ramesh / IJGP: International Journal of Green Pharmacy, 2020; 14(1) / DOI: https://doi.org/10.22377/ijgp.v14i1.27 / pISSN: 0973-8258 / eISSN:1998-4103
(33)
The Antihyperlipidemic Property of the Crude Methanolic Extract of Antigonon leptopus Hook & Arn (Polygonaceae) Leaves in Triton-X-Induced Hyperlipidemic Male Sprague-Dawley Rats / Ellize Zaira B Balboa, Ian M Hernandez, OMar Villalobos et al / European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine, 2020; 7(2): pp 4208-4220 / eISSN: 2515-8260
(34)
Powdered leaf extracts of Harungana madagascariensis, Margaritaria discoidea, and Antigonon leptopus disrupt larva and pupa stages of a tropical disease vector / Titilayo Olaleye, Wasiu Muse, Sharon Adekanbi, Thomas Nathaniel et al / Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease, 2017; 7(12): pp 778-782 /
DOI: : https://doi.org/10.12980/apjid.7.2017D7-200
(35)
Evaluation of antidepressant activity of ethanol and chloroform extracts of Antigonon leptopus / Poonam Ranjan, Dilip Kumar Tiwari, Kishu Tripathi / European Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences
(36)
Investigation of hepatoprotective activity of roots & rhizomes of Antigonon leptopus Hook against carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity in rats / N J Raju, B G Rao / Research Journal of Pharmaceutical Biological and Chemical Sciences, 2010; 1(3): pp 600-607 / ISSN: 0975-8585
(37)
Indian medicinal plants useful in treatment of gout: A review for current status and future perspective / Bhupinder Japoor, Reena Gupta et al / Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 2017; 10(11) / eISSN: 2455-3891 /pISSN: 0974-2441
(38)
Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles by coral vine and assessment of their properties / Sami Ullah Ganale, PhS E EJlKAHMI, MSc Tasneem Abassi et al / Bioinspired, Biomimetic and Nanobiomaterials, June 2019; 8(2): pp 115-129 / pISSN: 2045-9858 / eISSN: 2045-9866 / DOI: hjtt[s://doi.org/10.1680/jbibn.18.00019

DOI: It is not uncommon for links on studies/sources to change. Copying and pasting the information on the search window or using the DOI (if available) will often redirect to the new link page. (Citing and Using a (DOI) Digital Object Identifier)

                                                            List of Understudied Philippine Medicinal Plants

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