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Family Rutaceae
Chi-it
Zanthoxylum alatum Roxb.
TOOTHACHE TREE

Hua jiao

Scientific names Common names
Fagara armata Thunb. Chi-it (Ig.)
Zanthoxylum alatum Roxb. Sibit-paklauit (Ig.)
Zanthoxylum alatum Hemsl. Bamboo-leafed prickly ash (Engl.)
Zanthoxylum arenosum Reeder & S.Y.Cheo Chinese pepper (Engl.)
Zanthoxylum armatum DC. Nepal pepper (Engl.)
Zanthoxylum armatum var. armatum Prickly ash (Engl.)
Zanthoxylum planispinum Siebold & Zucc. Suterberry (Engl.)
  Toothache tree (Engl.)
  Winged prickly ash (Engl.)
  Yellow wood (Engl.)
Zanthoxylum armatum DC. is an accepted name. The Plant List

Other vernacular names
BENGALI: Gaira.
BURMESE: Gawra kha nan nan, Teza bo, Hua jiao.
CHINESE: Ci zhu ye hua jiao, Qin jiao, Huan hua zhen, Bai zong guan, Shan hua jiao. Zhu ye jiao.
GERMAN: Nepalpfeffer.
HINDI: Darman, Darmar (as Z. alatum), Tejbal, Tejpal, Tejphal, Tumru.
JAPANESE: Fuyu zanshou.
KANNADA : Dhiva, Jimmi, Tumburudu.
KOREAN: Gae san cho
LAOTIAN: Mad.
MALAYALAM: Thumbunalari, Tumpunal, Tumpuni.
NEPALESE: Timbur, Timur.
SANSKRIT: Tejohwa, Tejpal, Tumburu, Tumburuh.
TAMIL: Tumpunalu.
TELUGU: Gandhalu, Konda kasimi.
THAI: Mak kak.
VIETNAMESE: Sen gai.

Botany
Chi-it is a shrub or small tree, almost entirely smooth, with a strong aromatic smell. Bark is corky, with conspicuous young stems with thick conical prickles raising rising from a corky base. Spines are shining and sharp, growing on branchlets. Leaves are alternate, usually with 2 to 6 pairs of leaflets. Petioles and rachis are narrowly winged. Leaflets are elliptic-lanceolate, 2 to 8 centimeters long and 1 to 1.8 centimeters wide. Flowers are small, yellow, usually unisexual, borne in dense lateral panicles. Fruit is usually a solitary carpel dehiscing ventrally, about 3 millimeters in diameter, tubercled, red, and strongly aromatic.

Distribution
- Only in the Benguet areas, in thickets about limestone cliffs and boulders, at an altitude of 1,300 to 1,500 meters.
- Also occurs in India to southeastern China.

Constituents
- Bark yields a bitter crystalline principle, identical to berberine, and a volatile oil and resin. The carpels yield a volatile oil, resin, a yellow acid principle, and a crystalline solid body, xanthoxylin.
- Carpels of the fruit yield an essential oil which is isomeric with turpentine and like eucalyptus oil in odor and properties.
- The bark contains berberine.
- The essential oil from the seeds consists entirely - over 85% - of the hydrocarbon 1-a-phellandrene and also a small quantity of linalool and an unidentified sesquiterpene.
- Bark yields active compounds: alkaloids (g-fagarine, b-fagarine, magnoflorine, laurifoline, nitidine, chelerythrine, tambetarine and cadicine), coumarins (xanthyletin, zanthoxyletin, alloxanthyletin), and resin, tannin and volatile oil.
- Essential oil study by GC-MS yielded 39.21% oxygenated compounds. Monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes were 47.33% and 10.83% respectively, alcohol percentage was 26.76%, and 15-hexadecanoloide, 6.58%, was the only cyclic ester in relatively high percentage. (10)
- Essential oil of leaves yielded fourteen components with the main components identified as linalool (30.58%), 2-decanone (20.85%), β-fenchol (9.43%), 2-tridecanone (8.86%), β-phellandrene (5.99%), Sabinene (4.82%), and α-pinene (4.11%). (See study below) (16)
- Studies of various plant parts i.e., seed, leaves, fruit, root, and bark have yielded alkaloids, flavonoids, saponin, tannins, steroids, terpenes, glycosides, carbohydrates, phenolic proteins, essential oil, and amino acids viz., arginine, aspartic and glutamic acid, glycine, histidine, threonine, tyrosine. (25)
- The bark yields alkaloids viz., g-fagarine, b-fagarine, (skimmianine), magnoflorine, nitidine, chelerythrine, tambatarine). Bark also yielded a bitter crystalline principle i.e., berberine. Volatile oil yield consisted mainly of linalool, ß-sitosterol, and its glucoside, tamblin and tambulatin, aramatamide, lignans, asarinin and fragesin, α- and ß-amyrinslupeol and ß-sitosterol ß-D-glycoside. (25)
- GC-MS analysis of hexane extract of fruits yielded 36 chemical compounds including eucalyptol, linalool, quercivorol, menthoglycol, trans-pipertiol, carveole, exo-2-hydroxy-1,8-cineole,theaspirane, piperitone, cuminol, artimisia alcohol, caryophyllene, α –Asarone, β- Asarone, 2-hydroxy cylclopenta decanone, palmitic acid, palmitic acid methyl ester, among others. (28)
- Methanol extract of fruits yielded alkaloids, glycosides, carbohydrates, tannins and phenolic compounds, flavonoids, steroids, fixed oils and fats, with absence of saponins, proteins and amino acids, and gums and mucilage. HPLC chromatography for bioactive principles identified a flavonoid (R1=2.8) and anthraquinone (R1=2.2). (30)
- GC-MS analysis of leaves for essential oil yielded 34 chemical constituents. Major constituents were beta-linalool (53.05%), bergamot mint oil (12.73%), alpha-limonene diepoxide (11.39%), alpha-pinene (4.08%), beta-myrcene (3.69%), and D-limonene (3.10%). (see study below) (31)
- Study of bark of Z. armatum isolated a new amide, armatamide (1), along with two lignans, asarinin and fargesin, α- and ß-amyrins, lupeol, and ß-sitosterol-ß-D-glucoside. (32)

Properties
- Fruit considered antiseptic, carminative, disinfectant, deodorant, stomachic.
- Leaves and fruit as carminative, sudorific, emmenagogue and astringent.
- Studies have shown antifungal, insect repellent, hepatoprotective, larvicidal, spasmolytic, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, antioxidant, CNS stimulant, trypanocidal properties.

Parts used
Bark, seeds, fruits, leaves.
- Fruits, bark, and leaves are used as spice in the Indian medicine system.

Uses

Culinary
- In China, India and Pakistan, fruit used as condiment.
- Fruits
Folkloric
- Decoction or infusion of bark and seeds used as an aromatic tonic in fevers, dyspepsia, and cholera.
- Fruit, as well as the branches and thorns, used as a remedy for toothache; also, as carminative and stomachic.
- Elsewhere, used for asthma, bronchitis, cholera, fever, indigestion, toothaches, varicose veins and rheumatism.
- Sino-Annamites use the leaves and fruits as carminative, sudorific, emmenagogue, and astringent..
- In Indian system of medicine, used as stomachic, carminative, and anthelmintic. Fruits and seeds used as aromatic tonic in fever, dyspepsia and cholera.


Studies
Phenolic Constituents:
Study isolated two new phenolic constituents from the seeds - 3-methoxy-11-hydroxy-6,8-dimethylcarboxylate biphenyl and 3,5,6,7-tetrahydroxy-3',4'-dimethoxyflavone-5-β-d-xylopyranoside along with five known compounds.
Antifungal / Insect Repellent: Essential oil of the fruits of ZA showed repellent activity against insect Allacophora foveicollis and fungistatic activity against 24 fungi, including aflatoxin-producing strains of A flavus and A parasiticus.(3)
Hepatoprotective: Study of the ethanolic extract of leaves of Z armatum on CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in rats showed significant decrease in liver enzymes and liver inflammation, supported by histopath studies on the liver. Results exhibited significant hepatoprotective activity. (4)
Insecticidal / Repellent Activity: Study of the essential oil of Zanthoxylum armatum showed high and rapid poison activity on Aedes albopictus and Culex quinquefasciatus, showing a potential as natural insecticides against mosquitoes. (5)
Essential Oil / Larvicidal: Study of essential oil yielded at least 28 compounds, consisting mainly of oxygenated monoterpenes and monoterpenes. The larvae of three mosquito species - A. aegypti, A. stephensi, and C. quinquefasciatus - were susceptible to the essential oil composition and presents a potential for the development of alternative plant based larvicides. (6)
Spasmolytic / GI, Respiratory and Cardiovascular Effects: Crude extract of ZA caused concentration-dependent relaxation of spontaneous and high K+ induced contractions in isolated rabbit jejunum. Results showed Zanthoxylum armatum exhibits spasmolytic effects, mediated possibly through Ca++ antagonistic mechanism, which provides pharmacologic base for its medicinal use in the gastrointestinal, respiratory, and cardiovascular disorders. (7)
Leaves / Essential Oil: Study of the volatile constituents from leaves essential oil yielded twenty-three components (99.5% of the oil). Major classes of compounds consisted of non-terpenic acyclic ketones, with 2-undecanone (65.6%) as the major constituent. 2-undecanone can be commercially exploited for perfumery and flavoring applications. (11)
Anti-Inflammatory / Fruit: Study evaluated a methanolic fruit extract for anti-inflammatory activity in Wistar rats. Results showed significant inhibition of carrageenan-induced paw edema. (12)
Antipyretic / CNS Stimulant Effect / Roots: Study of petroleum ether and ethanolic extract of roots showed antipyretic and CNS stimulant effect. (13)
Alkaloids / Stem Bark / Anti-Inflammatory: Study evaluated an aqueous extract of stem bark in acute and chronic models of inflammation in Wistar rats. An alkaloid fraction was found to be more effective compared to flavonoid in carrageenen-induced inflammation model. (14)
Anthelmintic / Seeds: Various extracts of Zanthoxylum armatum was tested against adult Indian earthworms Pheretima posthuma as test worms. Results showed the aqueous extracts with greater potency compared to other extracts, taking less time to cause paralysis and deaths of the earthworms. (15)
Antimicrobial / Antioxidant / Seed Essential Oil: Essential oil and ethanolic extract exhibited potent antifungal activity against A. alternata, A. brassicae, and C. lunata and significant antibacterial activity against B. subtilis, M. luteus, S. aureus, and E. coli. In addition, further testing demonstrated antioxidant compounds. (16)
Antioxidant / Fruit:
Study evaluated the antioxidant activity of Z. alatum whole fruit by various in vitro assays. Results showed ethanolic extracts to contain large amounts of flavonoids and phenolic compounds, exhibiting high antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities. The extracts also chelate iron and showed reducing power. The fruit extract showed a potential natural source of antioxidants.   (18)
Ingredient in Anti-Psoriasis Cream Formulation: A cream formulation for the treatment of psoriasis was composed of Zanthoxylum alatum, Boswellia serrata, 18-beta glycerrhetinic acid, 7-dehydrocholesterol, vitamin E and an extract from fertilized Zebrafish eggs. The extract of Z. alatum was used for its properties against itching due to the active moiety (alkamides: hydroxy-alpha/beta/gamma-sanshools). (20)
Seed Essential Oil / Source of Linalool: The seeds of Zanthoxylum alatum yielded 1.5% of oil (v/w), and 56 constituents, representing 99.5% of the oil. Major components were linalool (71%), limonene (8.2%), β-phellandrene (5.7%) and (Z)-methylcinnamate (4.9%). Results suggest the seed can be a commercial source for the isolation of linalool. (21)
Trypanocidal Activity: Methanolic extract of Zanthoxylum alatum leaves and Eugenia caryophyllata fruits were tested against trypanosma evansi for trypanocidal activity. Results showed trypanocidal activity with decrease in trypanosome counts in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. (22)
• Antimicrobial / Cytotoxic / Insecticidal / Anti-Leishmanial / Fruits: A crude extract of Z. armatum showed 86 ± 10% antifungal activity against Trichophyton longifusis while n-hexane, chloroform, and aqueous-methanol fractions inhibited the pathogen by 90. 85. and 70% respectively. Crude ethanol extract and chloroform and aqueous-methanol fractions exhibited significant toxicity on Brine shrimp lethality assay with LC50 of 6.66 ± 1.1, 21.4 ± 3.3, and 29.6 ±± 3.9 µg/ml, respectively. Study showed tested fruit extracts and fractions showed strong antifungal, cytotoxic, phytotoxic, insecticidal and anti-leishmanial effects. (24)
• Antidiabetic / Lipid Effects / Bark:A hydro-methanolic extract of bark of Zanthoxylum armatum was evaluated for anti-diabetic activity in STZ-induced diabetic rats. Glibenclamide was used as standard. Results showed significant reduction in blood glucose, total cholesterol, and triglycerides, LDL, VLDL along with a significant increase in HDL. (25)
• Anticancer / Stem Bark: Study (Mukhija et al) evaluated ethyl acetate extract of stem bark of Z. alatum for cytotoxic and antioxidant potential. Cytotoxicity was studied using various cancerous cell using MTT assay. Extract showed significant cytotoxic potential on lung and pancreatic cell lines. Activity was attributed to flavonoids isolated from the extract. (25)
• Hypoglycemic / Hypolipidemic / Fruit, Bark, and Leaves: Extracts of fruit, bark, and leaf from Z. armatum were evaluated for α-glucosidase inhibitory activity in alloxan induced diabetic mice. Leaves and bark extracts showed maximum α-glucosidase inhibition (96.61 ± 2.13 and 93.58 ± 2.31%, respectively). The extracts showed hypolipidemic effect by reducing LDL level. Results suggest Z. armatum extracts showed excellent antidiabetic potential in vivo and in vitro and can be considered for further clinical assessment and drug development. (26)
• Proximate Analysis / Toxic Metal Contents / Leaves, Bark and Fruit: Study evaluated the elemental contents and proximate analysis of leaves, bark and fruit of Z. armatum. Lead (Pb), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), copper (Co), iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), potassium (K), and sodium (Na) were detected in the leaves, stem bark and fruit but were within established limits, proving the plant is free from toxic level of heavy metals. The presence of Zn, Mn, and Cr justify the hypoglycemic potential of the plant. Nutritional analysis yielded carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and crude fiber in sufficient amounts. Results suggest a potential source for various formulations as medicinal and nutritional supplements. (27)
• Antimicrobial / Bark: Study evaluated the antimicrobial efficacy chloroform, methanol, and acetone extracts of Z. armatum bark against four different microorganisms viz. Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Overall, the methanol and acetone extract of bark showed to be more effective for S. aureus and the chloroform extract for P. vulgaris. (29)
• Antispasmodic / Antifungal / Essential Oil / Leaves: GC-MS analysis of leaves for essential oil yielded 34 chemical constituents. The EO from Z. armatum showed significant antispasmodic effect and relaxed the isolated rabbit jejunum in spontaneous as well as KCl-induced contraction. Study also showed antifungal activity with maximum effect against M. canis, C. albicans, and C. glabrata with % activity of 84.87, 83, and 79, resspectively. The EO also showed cytotoxic and phytotoxic potential. (see constituents above) (31)
• Antioxidant / Cytotoxic / Leaves: Study evaluated various extracts (methanol, chloroform, petroleum ether) of Z. alatum leaves for antioxidant and cytotoxic activity. Antioxidant activity was measured in vitro with standard methods like DPPH, superoxide anions, NO, OH radical and reductive assay. Cytotoxicity was measured using Ehrlich Ascites Cancer (EAC) cells. The extracts exhibited dose dependent antioxidant activity. Among the three extracts, the methanol extract showed better dose dependent antioxidant and cytotoxic activity. (33)

Availability
Wild-crafted.

Updated December 2018 / November 2014

IMAGE SOURCE: / File:Zanthoxylum alatum.jpg / Zanthoxylum alatum. Real Jardín Botánico de Madrid / A. Barra / August 1999/ GNU Free Documentation / click on image to go to source page / Wikimedia Commons
OTHER IMAGE SOURCE: / Illustration / Line drawing / Zanthoxylum armatum D C / id illustration: 161799 / Indian medicinal plants, vol. 1: t. 184 / Illustration contributed by the library of the Smithsonian Institute, Washington, U.S.A. / PlantIllustrations.org

Additional Sources and Suggested Readings
(1)
Toothache Tree / Zanthoxylum alatum / HolisticOnLine
(2)
Chemical constituents from the seeds of Zanthoxylum alatum / Nida Akhtar, Mohammad Ali, Mohammad Sarwar Alam / Journal of Asian Natural Products Research, Volume 11, Issue 1 January 2009 , pages 91 - 95 / DOI: 10.1080/10286020802514622
(3)
Antifungal and Insect-Repellent Activity of Essential Oil of Zanthoxylum alatum / S Dube, A Kumar and S C Tripathi / Annals of Botany 65: 457-459, 1990
(4)
Hepatoprotective activity of leaves of Z armatum DC in CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in rats / Nitin Verma and R L Khosa / Indian Journ of Biochem & Biophysics, Vol 47, April 2010, pp 124-127
(5)
Insecticidal activity of essential oil from Zanthoxylum armatum fructification against two mosquito species / Zhang Yun, Peng Ying-Hui, Zeng Dong-Qin et al / DOI: CNKI:SUN:GXZW.0.2010-02-026 / College of Life Science and Technology,Central South University of Forestry and Technology,Changsha 410004,China
(6)
Chemical composition and larvicidal activities of the essential oil of Zanthoxylum armatum DC (Rutaceae) against three mosquito vectors / Mohini Tiwary, S N Naik, Dhananjay Kumar et al / J Vect Borne Dis 44, September 2007, pp. 198–204
(7)
Pharmacological basis for the medicinal use of Zanthoxylum armatum in gut, airways and cardiovascular disorders / Syed Naeemuddin Gilani, Arif-ullah Khan, Anwarul Hassan Gilani et al / Phytotherapy Research, April 2010; Volume 24, Issue 4: pp 553–558 / DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2979
(8)
Zanthoxylum armatum DC. (accepted name) / Chinese names / Catalogue of Life, China
(9)
Sorting Zanthoxylum names / Maintained by: Michel H. Porcher / MULTILINGUAL MULTISCRIPT PLANT NAME DATABASE / A Work in Progress. School of Agriculture and Food Systems. Faculty of Land & Food Resources. The University of Melbourne. Australia / Copyright © 1997 - 2000 The University of Melbourne.
(10)
Studies on the Components of Essential Oil of Zanthoxylum Armatum by Gc-Ms / Amran Waheed, Shahid Mahmud, Mubeen Akhtar, Tanzeela Nazir / AJAC, Vol.2 No.2, May 2011, PP. 258-261 / http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ajac.2011.22031
(11)
Volatile Constituents from the Leaves of Zanthoxylum armatum DC., a New Source of 2-Undecanone
/
Prashant Singh , Manindra Mohan and Sanjay Gupta / Plant Sciences Research, 2013, No 5, No1, pp 1-3 / DOI: 10.3923/psres.2013.1.3
(12)
ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF METHANOLIC EXTRACT OF FRUIT OF ZANTHOXYLUM ARMATUM / Mehta D.K, Bhandari A, Satti N.K, Singh S, Das R, Suri K.A, Sharma S.N / Inventi Rapid: Planta Activa, 2011/10/1
(13)
ANTIPYRETIC AND CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM ACTIVITY OF THE ROOTS OF ZANTHOXYLUM ARMATUM DC / Khim Singh Bora, Alok pratap singh, Suresh Singh Fartyal, Ankit Vajpayee / Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Opinion, Vol 1, No 7 (2011)
(14)
Alkaloids from Zanthoxylum alatum stem bark with anti inflammatory potential in rats against acute and chronic inflammation in rats / MINKY MUKHIJA, ROHIT GOYAL, AJUDHIA N. KALIA / Indian Journal of Novel Drug delivery 4(2), Apr-Jun, 2012, 139-144
(15)
In-vitro anthelmintic activity of seeds of Zanthoxylum armatum DC. against Pheretima Posthuma / Dinesh Kumar Mehta, Rina Das, Anil Bhandari / International Journal of Green Pharmacy, 2012, Vol 6, No1, pp 26-28.
(16)
Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Properties of the Essential Oil and Extracts of Zanthoxylum alatum Grown in North-Western Himalaya / Sanjay Guleria, A. K. Tiku, Apurva Koul, Sahil Gupta, Gurjinder Singh, and V. K. Razdan / The Scientific World Journal, Bol 2013 (2013) / http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/790580
(17)
EVALUATION OF SEED OIL OF ZANTHOXYLUM ARMATUMFOR ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY
/ Ankit Saini / Journal of drug discovery and therapeutics, Vol 1, No 5, 2013.
(18)
EVALUATION OF ANTIOXIDANT AND FREE RADICAL SCAVENGING ACTIVITIES OF FRUIT EXTRACT FROM ZANTHOXYLUM ALATUM: A COMMONLY USED SPICE FROM PAKISTAN / FARHAT BATOOL, SYED MUBASHIR SABIR, J.B.T. ROCHA, ASAD HUSSAIN SHAH, ZAFAR SAIED SAIFY AND SYED DILNAWAZ AHMED / Pak. J. Bot., 42(6): 4299-4311, 2010.
(19)
Safety assessment of Zanthoxylum alatum Roxb. essential oil, its antifungal, antiaflatoxin, antioxidant activity and efficacy as antimicrobial in preservation of Piper nigrum L. fruits./ Prakash B; Singh P; Mishra PK; Dubey NK / Int J Food Microbiol. 2012; 153(1-2):183-91 (ISSN: 1879-3460)
(20)
Clinical study on the efficacy and tolerability of a cream for local use in the treatment of psoriasis
/ HARAK H., FROSI A., BIAVA P.M. / gunainternation.com
(21)
Essential oil composition of Zanthoxylum alatum seeds from Northern India / Jain, Neetu ; Srivastava, S. K. ; Aggarwal, K. K. ; Ramesh, S. ; Sushil Kumar / Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 2001; 16 (6): pp 408-410
(22)
Therapeutic Effects of Zanthoxylum Alatum Leaves and Eugenia Caryophyllata buds (Fruits) Against Trypanosoma Evansi / Shaba P., Pandey N. N., Sharma O. P., Rao J. R. and Singh R. K. / Journal of Veterinary Advances, 1 February 2012, Vol. 2, Issue 2, Pp 91-97
(23)
Zanthoxylum armatum DC / Synonyms / The Plant List
(24)
Evaluation of Zanthoxylum armatum Roxb for in vitro biological activities / Fiaz Alam, Qazi Najamu8s Saqib / Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine, Oct 2017; 7(4): pp 515-518 / https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcme.2017.01.006
(25)
A review on effective utilization, phytochemical compounds, pharmacological intervention of a popularly used plant for developing a new drug: Zanthoxylum armatum with reference to its anticancer activity / Chandana Choudhury Barua, Nilofar Yasmin, R Elancheran / MOJ: Bioequivalence & Bioavailability, 2018; 5(3): pp 156-167 / DOI: 10.15406/mojbb.2018.05.00097
(26)
Zanthoxylum armatum DC extracts from fruit, bark and leaf induce hypolipidemic and hypoglycemic effects in mice- in vivo and in vitro study /  and  / BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2018; 18:68 / https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-018-2138-4
(27)
Evaluation of Zanthoxylum armatum its toxic metal contents and proximate analysis / Barkatullah, Muhammad Ibrar, Naveed Muhammad, Abdur Rauf, Nasruddin, Haroon khan, Jawad Ali / The Journal of Phytopharmacology, 2015; 4(3): pp 157-163
(28)
GC-MS analysis of hexane extract of Zanthoxylum armatum DC. Fruits / Hebind Pun Kayat, Shree Dhar Gautam, Ram Narayan Jha / Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 2016; 5(2): pp 58-62
(29)
In-vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Bark Extracts of an Ethnic Plant Zanthoxylum armatum DC. Against Selected Human Pathogens in Uttarakhand Himalaya / Nidhi Srivastava, Anup Kainthola and A.B. Bhatt / International Journal of Herbal Medicine, 2013; 1(3): pp 21-24
(30)
PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND HPLC ANALYSIS OF FLAVONOID AND ANTHRAQUINONE GLYCOSIDE IN ZANTHOXYLUM ARMATUM FRUIT / DINESH K.MEHTA, RINA DAS AND ANIL BHANDARI / International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2013; Vol 5, Suppl 3: pp 190-193
(31)
Chemical Composition and Biological Screening of Essential Oils of Zanthoxylum armatum DC Leaves / Barkatullah, Muhammad Ibrar, Naveed Muhammad, Innayat- Ur-Rehman, Mujeeb-Ur-Rehman, and Ajmal Khan / Journal of Clinical Toxicology, 2013; 3:172 / doi: 10.4172/2161-0495.1000172
(32)
A New Amide from Zanthoxylum armatum / Narenda K Kalia, Bikram Singh, and Ram P Sood / J. Nat. Prod., 1999; 62 (2): pp 311–312 / DOI: 10.1021/np980224j
(33)
Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Activity of Different Extracts of Zanthoxylum Alatum
/ Indrajit Karmakar, Sagnik Haldar, Mainak Chakraborty, Saikat Dewanjee, Pallab Kanti Haldar / Free Radicals and Antioxidants, Jan-Jun 2015; 5(1): pp 21-28 / DOI: 10.5530/fra.2015.1.4

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