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Family Euphorbiaceae
Iba
Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels

OTAHEITE GOOSEBERRY

Scientific names  Common names
Averrhoa acida Linn. Bagbagutut (Ilk.)
Cicca acida (L.) Merr. Bangkiling (Bis., Tag.)
Cicca acidissima Blanco Iba (Tag., Pamp.)
Cicca disticha Linn. Kagindi (Bis.)
Cicca nodiflora Lam. Karamai (Ilk.)
Cicca racemosa Lour. Karmai (Ilk., Tag.)
Diasperus acidissimus (Blanco) Kuntze Karmay (Ilk.)
Phyllanthus acidissimus (Blanco) Muell.-Arg. Layoan (Bik.)
Phyllanthus cicca Müell.Arg. Poras (Bis.) 
Phyllanthus cochinchinensis Müell.Arg. Cermai fruit (Engl.)
Phyllanthus longifolius Jacq. Gooseberry tree (Engl.)
Tricariumm cochinchinense Lour. Indian gooseberry (Engl.)
  Malay gooseberry (Engl.)
  Otaheite gooseberry (Engl.)
  Sour cherry (Engl.)
  Starberry (Engl.)
  Star gooseberry (Engl.)
Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels is an accepted name The Plant List
Cicca acida (L.) Merr. is a synonym of Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels The Plant List

Other vernacular names
BANGLADESH: Orboroi.
BENGALI: Hari-phal.
BURMESE: Thinbozihpyoo.
DUTCH: Tjerimee.
FRENCH: Groseillier des Antilles (West Indies), Surette (Tahiti).
GERMAN : Sternstachelbeerbaum.
HINDI: Chalmeri, Chota aonla, Harparauri, Harphanevadi, Harpharevadi.
KHMER: Kântouot srôk.
LAOTIAN: Mak-nhom, Nhom ban.
MADURESE: Careme.
MALAY: Balangka, Carameng, Ceremai, ,Ceremoi, Cerme, Chermai, Karsinta, Kemlaka, Malaka.
NEPALESE: Harii phala, Kaathe amalaa, Paate amalaa.
PORTUGUESE: Groselha.
PUERTO RICO: Grosella.
SANSKRIT: Lavali, Laveni, Pandu, Skandhaphara.
SPANISH : Cereza amarilla, Cerezo agrio, Cerezo comun, Cerezo de la tierra, Cerezo occidental, Ciruela corteña, Guinda, Grosella, Manzana estrella, Pimienta.
SUNDANESE: Careme, Cerme.
SURINAME: Ronde birambi.
THAI: Ma yom.
VIETNAMESE: T[aaf]m ru[ooj]t, Ch[uf]m ru[ooj]t.

Botany
Iba is a small, smooth, deciduous tree growing to a height of 4 to 9 meters. Branches are thickened with nodules in the axils of the fallen leaves. Leaves are unequally pinnate, crowded at the ends of the branches, 20 to 40 centimeters long. Leaflets are alternate,entire, oblong-ovate, 2 to 7 centimeters long. Flowers are pink, small, and crowded in many-flowered fascicles along the racemes. Male and female flowers are usually on separate plants. Fruit is fleshy, acidic, edible, greenish white, rounded, 1 to 1.5 centimeters diameter, angled, with a hard, bony, 6- to 8-grooved, 3- or 4-celled stone, each cell with a single seed.

Distribution
- Planted in most parts of the Philippines for its acid, edible fruit, but nowhere abundant.
- Of prehistoric introduction.
- Also occurs in India to Malaya and Polynesia.
- Introduced in tropical America.


Constituents
- Fruit contains dextrose 0.33 per cent, levulose 1 percent, and saccharose.
- 18 % tannin is reported in the root-bark, with saponin and gallic acid.
- Study isolated active constituents from the roots: phyllanthusols A and B.

- Food value per 100 g of edible portion: Moisture, 91.9 g; protein, 0.155 g; fat, 0,52 g; fiber, 0.8 g; ash, 0.51 g; calcium 5.4 mg; phosphorus, 17.9 mg; iron, 3.25 mg, carotene, 0.019 mg; thiamine, 0.025 mg; riboflavin, 0.013 mg, niacin, 0.292 mg; ascorbic acid, 4.6 mg. (6)
- Studies have isolated phyllantusols A and B,and aglycon.
- Phytochemical screening of root bark yielded carbohydrates, saponins, and tannins. (see study below) (12)

- Phytochemical screening of leaf extract yielded alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, and phenols, with an absence of terpenoids, anthroquinone, saponin and tannin. (see study below) (13)
- HPLC analysis of bark extracts yielded known antioxidant molecules viz. gallic acid, ellagic acid, coumaric acid, hydoxyl benzoic acid, rutin, quercetin, myrcetin and luteolin. (see study below) (31)
- Acetone extract of fruit yielded flavonoids, tannins, phlobatannin, saponin, terpenoids and glycosides. (see study below) (36)
- Study isolated 19 new highly oxygenated norbisabolane sesquiterpenoids, phyllanthacidoid acid methyl esters (1), C-T (4-21) and two known phyllanthusols A (2) and B (3). (see study below) (40)
- Study of leaves yielded a new derivative kaempferol glycoside, kaempferol-4-O-(2-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-ß-D-glucuronopyranosyl methyl ester (3), together with six known kaempferol glycosides, kaempferol-3-O-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl (1--> 2)]-ß-D-galactopyranoside (1), kaempferol-3-O-(2-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-ß-D-glucuronopyranoside (2), rutin (4), isoquercetrin (5), quercetrin (6) and myrcitrin (7). (see study below) (44)
- Study of P. acidus leaves for essential oil by hydrodistillation and GC and GC-MS identified 29 compounds representing 92.8% of the oil. The most abundant components were t-muurolol (20.4%), α-cadinol (14.6%), ß-cadinene (8.9%) and α-muurolene (7.5%). (47)

Properties
- The plant does not resemble the gooseberry, except for the acidity of the fruits, which taste sour and tart
- Fruit is acid and astringent.
- Root is purgative.
- Juice of root bark is weakly poisonous. (21)
- Seed is cathartic.

- Leaves are diaphoretic, mucilaginous and demulcent.

- Studies have shown antibacterial, antiviral, antinematodal, antitumor, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, diuretic, analgesic, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, anti-depressant, antipyretic, anti-diarrheal properties.

Parts used
Leaves, seeds, bark, roots.

Uses
Edibility / Culinary
- Unripe fruit is cooked and used as a sour flavoring.
- Can be pickled or made into jams and jellies.
- Young leaves are cooked as greens.
-
- In the Philippines, used for making vinegar.
Folkloric
- Decoction of leaves is used externally for urticaria, the fruit given at the same time to eat.
- Decoction of the bark used for bronchial catarrh.
- Some believe the roots to be poisonous, but the Malays boil it for steam inhalation in use for coughs.
- In Java, root
infusion used for asthma.
- In Borneo, used with pepper
- Poultice of leaves for lumbago and sciatica.
- Root used for psoriasis.
- Used in chronic liver diseases.
- Decoction of leaves is diaphoretic.
- Leaves used for gonorrhea.
- In
Burma, fruits are eaten to promote appetite ; sap swallowed to induce vomiting and relieve bowel costiveness. In Indonesia, leaves are used as counterirritant in sciatica and lumbago. In Malaysia, vapors from boiling of roots inhaled for coughs and headache.
(11)
- In
Bangladesh used for skin diseases - eczema, abscesses, acne, etc.
- In India, fruits are taken as liver tonic. Leaves, with pepper, are poulticed for sciatica, lumbago or rheumatism. Leaves taken as demulcent for gonorrhea.
- In Maharashtra, India, decoction of seeds used twice daily for asthma and bronchitis.
- In Malaya, root infusion, in small doses, taken for asthma. The root is used for foot psoriasis.

- Latex is emetic and purgative. (37)
-
In Bangladesh, mix of leaf juices of P. acidus, Centella asiatica, and Solanum verbascifolium used for the treatment of jaundice. (51)
Others
- Tanning: In India, bark used as tanning agent. (21)
- Wood: Used for fuel. Also, for making small utensils. (21)
- Poison: Plant extract used as nematicidal against pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. Juice of root bark is weakly poisonous. (37)

Studies
Cystic Fibrosis:
Previous studies have reported that flavonoids and nutraceuticals correct defective electrolyte transport in cystic fibrosis (CF) airways. Study evaluated P. acidus extracts for potential effects on epithelial transport. No cytotoxic effects were detected. Results showed P. acidus corrects defective electrolyte transport in CF airways by parallel mechanisms viz (1) increasing the intracellular levels of second messengers cAMP and Ca2+. with subsequent activation of Ca dependent Cl- channels and residual CFTR-Cl conductance; (2) stimulating basolateral K+ channels; (3) redistributing cellular localization of CFTR; (4) direct activation of CFTR; and (5) inhibition of ENaC through CFTR activation. The combination of these effects on epithelial transport may provide a potential novel complementary nutraceutical treatment for CF lung disease. (2)
Antibacterial:
Antibacterial properties of tropical plants from Puerto Rico: In the study, Phyllanthus acidus was one of the plants that showed the highest antibacterial activity against E coli and Staphylococcus aureus. (3)
Antinematodal: Methanolic extracts of 79 Malaysian plants were assessed for antinematodal activity against Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. Cicca acida showed strong antinematodal activity.
(4)
Analgesic / Anti-Inflammatory / Antioxidant / Leaves: Study evaluated leaves extracts showed significant dose-dependent anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities. Extracts also showed significant antioxidant activity correlating with the flavonoids and phenolic compounds content. (8) Study of PA leaves extract showed significant the analgesic (acetic acid induced writhing method, formalin induced paw licking, tail immersion and eddy's hot plate methods) and anti-inflammatory (carrageenan induced hind paw edema) potential of ethanolic extract of PA leaves on Swiss albino mice. (33)
Diuretic / Leaves: Study evaluated the diuretic effect of an ethanol extract of P. acidus leaves in female Wistar rats. Results showed a significant diuretic and saluretic effect at doses of 22.5, 45, and 90 mg/kbw compared to control, but significantly less than furosemide 3.6 mg/kbw. (10)
Antioxidant / Cytotoxicity / Root Bark: Study showed free radical scavenging activity on DPPH assay. Brine shrimp lethality assay showed an LC50 of 35.48 µg/ml. (see constituents above) (12)
Antimicrobial / Leaf: Study of leaf extract showed antimicrobial activity. The presence of alkaloids in the solvent fractions may correlate with the antimicrobial activities. (see constituents above) (13)
Hepatoprotective / Carbon Tetrachloride Toxicity / Antioxidant: Phyllanthus acidus and silymarin exhibited significant hepatoprotective effect as evidenced by enzyme parameters. Study also showed remarkable DPPH scavenging activity. The hepatoprotective effect of P. acidus against CCl4-induced oxidative damage may be related to its antioxidant and free radical scavenging potentials. (14)
Hepatoprotective / Acetaminophen Mediated Hepatic Injury / Fruit: An ethanolic extract of fruit showed hepatoprotective activity against APAP-induced hepatotoxicity likely mediated through the inhibition of P450-mediated APAP bioactivation, free radical scavenging and antioxidant activities. (15)
Cytotoxic and Anti-Tumor Activity / Leaf: Study evaluated the cytotoxic and anti-tumor activity of an EA extract of leaves. Results showed significant in vitro cytotoxic activity against Hep G2 and DLA cell lines. The anti-tumor activity using DLA cell line induced solid tumor model in Swiss albino mice showed significant reduction of tumor volume. (16 )
Antimicrobial Synergism / Anti-Tubercular: Study evaluated the synergistic antimicrobial and anti-tubercular activities of methanol extract of P. acidus. The extract was used in combination with oxytetracycline. Results showed a broad antimicrobial activity spectrum for possible use in antiseptic and disinfectant formulations. The anti-tubercular activity was compared with standard drug Rifampicin. (17)
Remedial Effect on Bleomycin Provoked Pneumopathy: Study investigated the salubrious role of P. acidus against bleomycin provoked pneumopathy in a rat model. Results suggest P. acidus has curative effects in Bleomycin induced pulmonary fibrosis. (18)
Inhibition of Platelet Aggregation / Enhanced Phagocytic Function / Folk Wisdom Boiled Herb Concoction: Study evaluated the effects of a boiled herb concoction (folk wisdom boiled herb) of Phyllanthus amarus, Phyllanthus acidus, and Pandanus amaryllifolius on neutrophil, RBC, and platelet functions. Results showed the folk wisdom boiled herb extract could enhance phagocytic cell function and inhibit platelet aggregation. (19)
• Pharmacologic Activities / Pulp: Study evaluated a methanolic extract of P. acidus pulp for pharmacological activities. Results showed: (1) Significant hypoglycemic activity (p<0.05) by glucose tolerance test. (2) Anti-diarrheal activity by castor oil induced diarrhea inhibition method showed inhibition of defecation. (3) Significant analgesic activity (p<0.05) by Tail-immersion method, and (4) Good CNS anesthetic activity in experimental animal. (23)
Hepatoprotective / Acetaminophen and Thioacetamide Mediated Hepatic Injury / Leaves: Study of crude ethanolic extract and aqueous extracts of leaves showed hepatoprotective activity against acetaminophen (APAP) and thioacetamide-induced hepatotoxicity. The aqueous extract showed more potency than the ethanolic extract and also showed better DPPH radical scavenging potential than the ethanolic extract. The hepatoprotective activity may be attributable to high phenolic and flavonoid content and antioxidant properties. (24)
• Immunopharmacologic Activities / Aerial Parts:Study of a methanolic extract of aerial parts for anti-inflammatory activity using LPS-treated macrophages, HVl/EtOH induced gastritis model and acetic-acid-injected capillary permeability mouse model. Results showed anti-inflammatory activity in vitro and in vivo by suppressing Src, Syk, and their downstream transcription factor, NF-kB. (25)
• Antibacterial / Cytotoxic / Antioxidant / Fruit: Study of a methanolic extract of fruit showed antibacterial activity with moderate to good zones of inhibition against B. megaterium, B. subtilis, S. typhi, ad S. dysenteriae. It showed good results on brine shrimp cytotoxicity assay with LC50 of 4.46 µg/ml and LC90 of 70.79 µg/ml. It showed good dose dependent antioxidant activity with DPPH IC50 of 2063.42 µg/ml compared to ascorbic acid of 52 µg/ml. (26) Study evaluated fruit extracts of P. acidus or antioxidant and antibacterial activities. At higher concentration, a crude extract showed moderate to good inhibition of E. coli and P. aeruginosa. Phenolic content was 122.22 mg/g GAE and flavonoid content was 163.15 mg/g quercetin equivalent. DPPH radical scavenging activity increased with concentration with IC50 of 7.31 µg/mL compared to ascorbic acid IC50 of 8.65 µg/ml. (see constituents above) (36)
• Cholinesterase Inhibitory / Neuroprotective / Antioxidant / Fruit: Study of methanolic extract of fruit revealed considerable amount of antioxidant activity and anti-acetycholinesterase and anti-butyrlcholinesterase activity suggests a potential for use in Alzheimer's disease and neurodegenerative disorders. The ME showed considerable total antioxidant activity and reducing capacity. (27)
• Enzymatic Extraction of Star Gooseberry juice with High Antioxidant Level / Fruit: Study evaluated Pectibex Ultra SP-L preparation with preparation with pectinase activity was used in extraction of star gooseberry juice. Application of pectinase preparation to fruit juice extract was potential for improvement of antioxidant level of the product. (28)
• Antioxidant / Leaf and Fruit: Study evaluated the antioxidant value of P. acidus leaf and fruit methanolic extract. Results showed moderate to good antioxidant activity. On DPPH assay, there was 13.85% inhibition in leaf methanol and 12.2% inhibition in fruit methanol. Ascorbic acid standard was 12.03. (29)
• Neuroprotective / Memory and Learning Impairment: Study evaluated the neuroprotective effect of methanolic extract of PA on learning and memory impairment in scopolamine-induced dementia and oxidative stress in rats using EMP, PA, and NOR tests and various antioxidant enzyme values. Results showed neuroprotective effect as via improvement in cognitive functions and reduction of oxidative stress as evidenced by increase in brain antioxidant enzymes and decrease in lipid peroxidation and acetylcholinesterase activity. Results suggest potential for use in enhancing learning, memory, antioxidant potentiality and anti-acetylcholinesterase activity in neurodegenerative disorders like AD. (30)
• Antioxidant / Bark: Study evaluated P. acidus bark for antioxidant activity. Results showed high phenolic content of 152.12 ± 0.079 µg/mg (PAE) and 219.81 ± 0.19 µg/mg (PAA) gallic acid equivalent. The extracts scavenged >90% of ABTS radicals at low concentrations. Extracts showed potential electro catalytic effect during during electro chemical oxidation of dopamine. (see constituents above) (31)
• Anticancer Activity / MCF-7 and SSC-40 Cancer Cell Lines / Leaves: Study evaluated the cytotoxic potential of various extracts of PA leaves against two human cancer cell lines. SRB assay showed a chloroform plant extract showed maximum anti-cancer properties against both Human Breast Cancer (MCF-7) and Human Oral Cancer (SSC-40) cell lines. Results suggest a potential candidate for anti-neoplastic drug development. (32)
• Hypolipidemic / Leaves: Study of leaves of P. acidus showed hypolipidemic activity in hypercholesterolemic diet fed rats. (34) Study evaluated the effects of ethanolic extract of ceremai leaves (P. acidus) on malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and heparhistopathology of hypercholesterolemic rats. Results showed reduction of malondialdehyde and improvement of histopathology of hepar after therapy. Study suggests leaves have potential use in hypercholesterolemia therapy. (38)
• Antioxidant / Cytotoxic / Fruits: Study evaluated fruit extract of P. acidus for antioxidant and cytotoxic activity. A water extract showed high antioxidant activity with IC50 of 26.06 µg/mL. Brine shrimp lethality assay showed LC50 ranging from 473.26 to 908.98 µg/mL, with water extract showing lowest value. (35)
(39)
• Hepatoprotective / Inhibition of Macrophage Function: Study evaluated the molecular mechanism of P. acidus methanolic extract on AP-1 activation pathway and its hepatoprotective potential. The Pa-ME significantly suppressed the production of LPS-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines and strongly inhibited activator protein (AP-1) activation and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation in LPS- stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages cells and U937 monocyte like human cell line. Results suggest a potential ethnopharmacological role as hepatoprotective herbal remedy via suppression of MAKP signaling and activity of downstream transcription factor AP-1. (39)
• Anti-Hepatitis B Virus Norbisabolane Sesquiterpenoids: Study isolated 19 new highly oxygenated norbisabolone sesquiterpenoids together with two known phyllanthusols (A and B). Compounds 1-5, 7-9, 10 and 14 displayed potential anti-hepatitis B virus (HBV) activities, with IC50 of 0.8-36 µM against HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) and HBV excreted antigen (HBeAg). (see constituents above) (40)
• Toxicology Study / OGTT / Leaves: Study evaluated the toxicity and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) of P. acidus leaf extract in Wistar rat. All test doses of the extract did not show any sign or symptom of toxicity The blood glucose levels of treated group were not different from control and Glibenclamide treated. Results the extract is practically non toxic at a lower dose. (42)
• Antioxidant / α-Glucosidase / NO Inhibitory Activities / Leaves and Fruit: Study evaluated the leaves and fruit extracts of P. acidus for α
-glucosidase and nitric oxide inhibitory and antioxidant inhibitory activities. Leaves extracted with 50% ethanol exhibited lowest IC50 for α-glucosidase at 1.5 µg/ml, and moderate nitric oxide scavenging and inhibitory activities with IC50s 160 and 180 µg/ml, respectively, and the highest total phenolic content with 33 mg GAE/g extract. From the leaf extract, 30 compounds were identified, which included derivatives of quercetin, kaempferol, epicatechin,coumaric, and cinnamic acids. Results suggest potential for use in the treatment of diabetes and inflammation associated diseases. (43)

• Hepatoprotective / Kaempferol Glycoside / Leaves: Study of leaves isolated a new derivative kaempferol glycoside from the leaves of P. acidus, along with six other known kaemperol glycosides. Compound 1 showed antioxidant activity by DPPH assay. Compounds 2 and 3 showed antioxidant activity by DPPH and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances assays with IC50 > 100 µM. Compound 2 also showed anti-inflammatory activity through inhibition of interleukin 6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha production (p<0.05_. Compound 3 also exhibited cytokine modulating activities such as inhibition of tumor necrosis factor alpha and activation of interleukin 10. Compound 3 might confer hepatoprotection in the acute-phase response by activating the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) through cytokine modulation. Results suggest the new derivative compound and other kaempferol glycosides may mediate hepatoprotective activity. (see constituents above) (44)
• Hypotensive / Leaves: Study evaluated the hypotensive activity of n-butanol extract of leaves of P. acidus in rats. The PA extract caused a decrease in blood pressure of anesthetized rats that was not modified by atropine or propranolol. The extract caused persistent dilatation of thoracic aortic rings preconstricted with either phenylephrine or KCl. Adenosine, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, caffeic acid, hypogallic acid and kaempferol were isolated from the extract.\ Results suggest the hypotensive activities of the PA extract are likely due to the direct action of the five compounds on blood vessels by stimulating release of nitric oxide from the vascular endothelium, partly via stimulation of soluble guanylate cyclase and opening of Katp and Kca channels in the vascular smooth muscle. (45)
• Antidepressant / Antidiarrheal / Antipyretic / Leaves: Study evaluated the CNS depressant, antidiarrheal and antipyretic activities of ethanolic extract of leaves of P. acidus L. The extract showed dose-dependent CNS depressant activity in Swiss albino mice using hole-cross, hole-board and open-field models. In castor-oil induced diarrhea and gastrointestinal motility test with barium sulfate milk, the extract reduced the time of onset and severity of diarrhea with significant inhibition (p=0.05) inhibition of 42.86% and 64.29%, respectively, with loperamide showed 71.43% inhibition. In yeast-induced pyrexia, the extract showed dose dependent protection, similar to standard drug, paracetamol. (46)
• Silver Nanoparticles / Anti-Inflammatory / Fruits: Study reports on green synthesis of AgNPs using aqueous fruit extracts of Phyllanthus acidus. The synthesized silver nanoparticles showed potent anti-inflammatory activity by scavenging nitric oxide and superoxide anions, along with blunting of the expression of pro-inflammatory cytosine IL-1ß. The viability of peritoneal macrophages was not affected. Results suggest potential for the green-synthesized AgNPs for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. (48)
• Hypoglycemic / Hypolipidemic / Antioxidant / Leaves: Study investigated the hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic properties of leaf extracts from P. acidus, L. leucocephala and P. guajava. The extracts significantly decreased (p<0.05) blood glucose level, total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL, BUN, and creatinine and increased levels of HDL and serum insulin in the diabetic treated rats. P. acidus showed antioxidant activity with EC50 values of 232.37 ± 15.27 µg/ml. At dose of 2000 mg/kg, the extracts did not exhibit any sign of acute toxicity or mortality. The hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects seen related to hyperinsulinemia and antioxidant activities. (49)
• Alpha Amylase Inhibitory Activity / Antioxidant: Study evaluated the antioxidant and alpha amylase inhibitory potentials of methanolic extracts of Phyllanthus acidus. The extract showed free radical scavenging activity by DPPH assay and showed total phenolic content of 150.3 mg/g. The extract showed good alpha amylase inhibitory activity in a dose dependent manner, with highest activity of 72.06% with IC50 of 22.8 µg/ml. Phytochemical screening yielded flavonoids, steroids, saponins, and tannins. (50)

Toxicity !
Juice of the root-bark is used as poison to produce headache, sleepiness, abdominal pains, and sometimes, death.

Availability
- Wild-crafted. 
- Seeds in the cybermarket.


Updated Dec 2020 / Dec 2017 / June 2015


                                                   PHOTOS / ILLUSTRATIONS
Photos © Godofredo Stuart / StuartXchange

Additional Sources and Suggested Readings
(1)
Otaheite Gooseberry / HortPurdue
(2)
An extract from the medicinal plant Phyllanthus acidus and its isolated compounds induce airway chloride secretion : A potential treatment for cystic fibrosis / Marisa Sousa et al / Mol Pharmacol, 2007; 71: pp 366-3
76 / DOI: 10.1124/mol.106.025262
(3)
Antibacterial properties of tropical plants from Puerto Rico / P Melendez and V Capriles / Phytomedicine, Volume 13, Issue 4, Pages 272-276
(4)
Antinematodal activity of some Malaysian plant extracts against the pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus / Muhammad M. Mackeen et al / Pesticide Science / Volume 51 Issue 2, Pages 165 - 170
(5)
Extraction of phyllanthusols A and B from Phyllanthus acidus and analysis by capillary electrophoresis / D G Durham et al / Phytochemical Analysis • Volume 13 Issue 6, Pages 358 - 362
(6)
AN OVERVIEW ON Cicca acida (Phyllanthus acidus) / S Saraju Devi, Satya B Paul / Assam University Journal of Science & Technology: Biological and Environmental Sciences Vol. 7 Number I
156-160.2011

(7)
Sorting Phyllanthus names / Authorised by Prof. Snow Barlow / Maintained by: Michel H. Porcher / MULTILINGUAL MULTISCRIPT PLANT NAME DATABASE / Copyright © 1997 - 2000 The University of Melbourne.
(8)
Antiinflammatory, antinociceptive and antioxidant activities of Phyllanthus acidus L. extracts
/ Raja Chakraborty*, Biplab De, Nayakanti Devanna, Saikat Sen / Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine (2012)S953-S961 / doi:10.1016/S2221-1691(12)60343-8
(9)
Removal of Brill Red 5B from an aqueous solution using Cicca acida biomass
/ V. Karthik, M. Velan, M. Dharmendira Kumar andS. Renganathan* / The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering, Volume 87, Issue 4, pages 554–561, August 2009
(10)
DIURETIC EFFECT OF THE ETHANOL EXTRACTS OF PHYLLANTHUS ACIDUS L (SKEELS) LEAVES IN WISTAR RATS / Suci Nar Vikasari, Elin Yulinah Sukandar, Afifah Bambang Sutjiatmo, Soraya Riyanti / International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vol 7, Issue 1, 2015
(11)
Phyllanthus acidus / Christophe Wiart / Ethnophstmacology of Medicinal Plants: Asia and the Pacific
(12)
PRELIMINARY PHYTOCHEMICAL, ANTIOXIDANT AND CYTOTOXICITY STUDY OF THE ETHANOLIC EXTRACTS OF PHYLLANTHUS ACIDUS L. ROOT BARK / Tania Binte Wahed*, Md.Fokhrul Islam, Md. Nur Alam and Sabina Yasmin /International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research
(13)
Antimicrobial Activity and phytochemical analysis of Phyllanthus acidus / .Jagajothi*, G.Manimekalai, V.K. Evanjelene, A.Nirmala, P.Vasanthi / Journal of Today’s Biological Sciences: Research & Review (JTBSRR), Vol. 2, Issue 2, page 55-62, December 30, 2013
(14)
Effect of Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels fruit on carbon tetrachloride-induced acute oxidative dame in livers of rat and mice / Jain NK, Lodhi S, Jain A, Nahata A, Singhai AK / Zhong Xi Yu Jie Je Xua Bao, 2011 Jan, 9(1): pp 49-56
(15)
Protective Effects of Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels Extract on Acetaminophen Mediated Hepatic Injury and Oxidative Stress in Wistar Rats / N. K. Jain, S. Lodhi, A. Jain, A. Nahata, A K Singhai / Journal of Complementary and Integrative Medicine, Vol 7, Isse 1, Oct 2010
(16)
Evaluation of Cytotoxic and Anti-Tumor Activity of Phyllsnthus acidus (L.) Skeels Leaf Extracts
/ Gopika Gopinath, Sujesh M, Dr Babu, T.D. / International Journal of Novel Research in Life Sciences, Vol 2, Issue 2, pp 19-26, Mar-Apr 2015
(17)
In-Vitro ANTIMICROBIAL SYNERGISTIC AND ANTI-TB ACTIVITIES OF PHYLLANTHUS ACIDUS METHANOLIC EXTRACT / Santosh Kumar .C*, Chiranjib Bhattacharjee, Subal Debnath, Atul N. Chandu. / IAJPR, 2011; 1(4): pp 107-114
(18)
Remedial Effect of Phyllanthus Acidus on Bleomycin Provoke Pneumopathy" Respiratory Medicine
/ Santhosh Kumar, Kamala Kannan / LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing (May 7, 2012)
(19)
Effects of folk wisdom boiled Herb extract, Phyllanthus amarus Schum&Thorn, Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels, and pandanus amaryllifolius on neutrophil, red blood cell, and platelet functions / Supaporn Khamchum, Pareeya Baiubol, Nungruthai Nilsri / Bull Chiang Mai Assoc Med Sci 2015; 48(2): 144-153
(20)
Phyllanthus acidus / Synonyms / The Plant List
(21)
Phyllanthus acidus: Gooseberry tree / Useful Tropical Plants

(23)
Pharmacological activities of methanol extract of Phyllanthus acidus pulp / Farjana Afrin, Sujan Banik and Mohammad Salim Hossain / Journal of Medical Plants Research, Nov 2016; 10(43): pp. 790-795 / DOI: 10.5897/JMPR2015.5806
(24)
Protective effects of Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels leaf extract on acetaminophen and thioacetamine induced hepatic injuries in Wistar rats / Nilesh Kumar Jain, Abhay K Singhai / Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, Vol 4, Issue 6, June 2011
(25)
In vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory activity of Phyllanthus acidus methanolic extract. / Hossen MJ, Jeon SH, Kim SC, Jeong D, Sung NY et al / J Ethnopharmacol, 2015 Jun 20;168:217-28. / doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.03.043.
(26)
ANTIBACTERIAL, CYTOTOXIC AND ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIAL OF METHANOLIC EXTRACT OF PHYLLANTHUS ACIDUS L / Md. Mominur Rahman, Md. Razibul Habib, S. M. Raquibul Hasan, Mohammed Aktar Sayeed, Md. Sohel Rana / International Journal of Drug Development and Research, April-June 2011, 3(2): 154-161
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pp In vitro antioxidant and cholinesterase inhibitory activities of methanolic fruit extract of Phyllanthus acidus. / Moniruzzaman M, Asadyzzaman M, J=Hossain MS, Sarker J, Rahman SM Rashid M, Rahman MM / BMC Complement Altern Med. 2015 Nov 9;15:403. / doi: 10.1186/s12906-015-0930-y.
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Enzymatic extraction of star gooseberry (Phyllanthus acidus) juice with high antioxidant level / Do Thi Thanh Loan, Tran Thi Tru Tra, et al / AIP Conference Proceedings 1878, 020032 (2017) / https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5000200\
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EVALUATION OF ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF PHYLLANTHUS ACIDUS
/ Jagajothi Angamuthu*, Manimekalai Ganapathy and Vasthi Kennedy Evanjelene / WORLD JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES, Vol 5, Issue 10, pp 1011-1016 (2016)
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Neuroprotective Effect of Phyllanthus acidus L. on Learning and Memory Impairment in Scopolamine-Induced Animal Model of Dementia and Oxidative Stress: Natural Wonder for Regulating the Development and Progression of Alzheimer’s Disease / Md. Sahab Uddin, Abdullah Al Mamum, Md. Sadda Hossain et al / AAD: Advances in Alzheimer's disease, June 2016; Vol 5. No 2 / DOI: 10.4236/aad.2016.52005
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Assessing the Antioxidant Potential of Phyllanthus acidus Bark Extracts / Shilali K, Ramachandra L. Rajesh K P, Kumara Swamy B E / International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmeceutical Sciences, Vol 6, Issue 6, 2014
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ANTICANCER ACTIVITY ON MCF-7 AND SSC-40 CANCER CELL LINES USING SUCCESSIVE SOLVENT EXTRACTS OF PHYLLANTHUS ACIDUS [LINN.] LEAVES
/ VIJAY D. MENDHULKAR* AND ASHWINI S. SHINDE / Int J Pharma Bio Sci 2017 October; 8(4): (P) 36-42 / DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22376/ijpbs.2017.8.4.p36-42
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Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory Activities of Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Phyllanthus acidus L. on Swiss Albino Mice / Md. Saddam Hossain, Seuly Akter, Yesmin Begum and Israt Jahan Bulbul* / European Journal of Medicinal Plants, Vol 13, Issue 1 / DOI : 10.9734/EJMP/2016/24361
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Hypolipidemic activity of Phyllanthus acidus leaves in Hypercholesterolemic diet-induced hyperlipidemia in rats / Singha Binita*, Borah Ajoy, Swopna Phukan / Sch. J. App. Med. Sci., 2016; 4(10B): 3648-3653 / DOI: 10.21276/sjams.2016.4.10.21
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Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Activity of Phyllanthus acidus Fruit Extracts / D Andrianto et al 2017 / IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci. 58 012022 / DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/58/1/012022
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Antibacterial and antioxidant potential of the acetone extract of the fruit of P hyllanthus acidus L. / Padmapriya N and TV Poonguzhali / INT J CURR SCI 2015, 17: E 64 - 72
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Phyllanthus acidus / WorldAgroForestry
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The Ethanolic Extracts Therapy of Ceremai Leaves (Phyllanthus acidus (L.)Skeels) on Malondialdehyde (MDA) Levels and Histopathology of Hepar of Hypercholesterolemic Rats / Abdul Aziz Fatriyawan, Chanif Mahdi and Aulanni'am Aulanni'am and DyahKinasih Wuragil / International Journal of ChemTech Research, 2016,9(4), pp 509-512.
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AP-1-Targeted Inhibition of Macrophage Function and Lipopolysaccharide/D-Galactosamine-Induced Hepatitis by Phyllanthus acidus Methanolic Extract / Muhammad Jahangir Hossen et al /  Am. J. Chin. Med. 43, 1137 (2015).  / https://doi.org/10.1142/S0192415X15500652
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Anti-Hepatitis B Virus Norbisabolane Sesquiterpenoids from Phyllanthus acidus and the Establishment of Their Absolute Configurations Using Theoretical Calculations / Jun-Jiang Lv, Shan Yu, Ya-Fe
ng Wang, Dong Wang, Hong-Tao Zhu et al / J. Org. Chem., 2014, 79 (12), pp 5432–5447 / DOI10.1021/jo5004604
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Potential antioxidant and lipid peroxidation inhibition of Phyllanthus acidus leaf extract in minced pork / Tuyen Thi Kim Nguyen et al / Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences (AJAS) 2017; 30(9): 1323-1331. / DOI: https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.17.0036
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Toxicology and Oral glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) of Thai Medicinal Plant Used for Diabetes Controls, Phyllanthus aciidus L. (Euphorbiaceae) / Napapach Chaimum-aom, Sanong Chomko, Chusri Talubmook / Pharmacognosy Journal, 2017; 9(1): pp 58-61 / DOI: 10.5530/pj.2017.1.11
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Antioxidant, a-glucosidase, and nitric oxide ihibitory activities of Phyllanthus acidus and LC-MS/MS profile of the active extract / Ziti Zulaikha Abd Ghafar, Ahmed Mediani, Maulidiani , Nurul Shazini, Faridah Abas / Food Bioscience, Oct 2018; Vol 25: pp 134-140 / https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbio.2018.08.009
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The hepatoprotective activity of a new derivative kaempferol glycoside from the leaves of Vietnamese Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels / Nguyen Cong Thuy Tram. Ninh The son, Do Thi Thao et al / Medicinal Cehmistry Research, 2017; 26: pp 2057-2064
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Hypotensive activity of n-butanol extract and their purified compounds from leaves of Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels in rats / Yutta[pong Leeya, Michael J Mulvany, Emerson F Queiroz, Andrew Marston, Kurt Hostettmann, Chaweewan Jansakul / European Journal of Pharmacology, Dec 2010; 649(1-3): pp 302-313 / https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.09.038
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CNS Depressant, Antidiarrheal and Antipyretic Activities of Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Phyllanthus acidus L.=on Swiss Albino Mice / Md Saddam Jpssain, Seuly Akter, Abhijit Das, Md Shahid Sarwar / Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International, 2016; 10(5) / DOI: https://doi.org/10.9734/BJPR/2016/24790
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Chemical Composition of Essential Oil of Phyllanthus acidus / Alida Perez-Colmenares, Ysbelia Obregon-Diaz, Luis Rojas-Fermin, Rosa Aparicio-Zambrano, Juan Carmona-Arzola, Alfredo Usubillaga / Natural Products Communications, 2018; 13(1): pp 97-98
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Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using aqueous extract of Phyllanthus acidus L. fruits and characterization of its anti-inflammatory effect against H2O2 exposed rat peritoneal macrophages / R Manikandan, M Beulaja, R Thiagarajan, S Palanisamy, G Goutham, A Koodalingam, N M Praghu, E Kannapiran, M Jothi Basu, C Arulvasu, M Arumugam / Process Biochemistry, April 2017; Vol 55: pp 172-181 / https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2017.01.023
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an Hypoglycemic and Hypolipidemic Properties of Leaf Extracts from Phyllanthus acidus (O.) Skeels, Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit. and Psidium guajava (L.) inn Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats / Chusri Talubmook and Nopparat Buddhakala / GSTF International Jourtnal of Bioscienvers, May 2013; 2(2) / DOI: 10.5176/2251-3140_2.2.38
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Phytochemical Screening, Antioxidant and Alpha Amylase Inhibitory Activity of Phyllanthus acidus / H N Krishna Kumar and Jyoti Bala Chauhan / International Journal of Pharma and Chemical Reserch, Jul-Sept 2017; 3(3): pp 546-551 / ISSN: 2395-3411
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Phytotherapeutic practices of a rural female folk medicinal practitioner in Bangladesh / Shornaly Akter, Ismut Jahan, Prianka Roy Chowdhury, Mohammed Rahmatullah et al / Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 2016; 8(8): pp 795-798 / ISSN: 0975-7384

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