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Family Annonaceae
Ilang-ilang
Ylang-ylang
Cananga odorata (Lam.) Hook f. & Thomson

PERFUME TREE
Yi lan

Scientific names  Common names 
Cananga odorata (Lam.) Hook f. & Thomson Ilang-ilang (Tag.) 
Cananga odoratum (Lam.) Baill. ex King Ylang-ylang (Tag.)
Unona odorata  (Lam.) Dunal Cananga tree (Engl.)
Unona javanica  Thunb. Fragrant cananga (Engl.)
Unona odorata Lam. Macassar oil plant (Engl.)
Accepted Infraspecifics Perfume tree (Engl.)
Cananga odorata var. fruiticosa Queen of perfumes (Engl.)
Cananga odorata var. odorata  
Ilang-ilang is a common name shared by (1) Ilang-ilang gubat, Desmos cochinchinensis (2) Ilang-ilang, Cananga odorata, and (3) Ilang-ilang vine, Arbotrys hexapetalus.
Cananga odorata (Lam.) Hook.f. & Thomson is an accepted name. KEW: Plants of the World Online

Other vernacular names
BORNEO: Kenanga.
BURMESE: Sagasein, Kadatngan, Kadatnyan,  Kadapgnam, Sagasein.
CAMBODIA: Chhke sreng.
CHINESE: Guo luo shi, Xiang shui shi, Jia na kai, Yi lan xiang.
FRENCH: Canang odorant, Ilang-ilang en arbre.
GERMAN: Ilang-Ilang, Ilang-Ilangbaum.
GUAM: Alang-ilang.
HAWAIIAN: Lanalana.
HINDI: Ban champak, Chettu sampangi, Karumugai.
INDIA: Apurvachampaka, Chettu sampangi, Karumugai.
INDONESIA: Kananga, Kernanga, Kenanga, Sepalen.
JAPANESE: Iraniran noki, Ban reishi.
KHMER: Sreng chhke.
LAOTIAN: Ka dan nga thay.
MALAY: Kananga, Kenanga utan, Bungan sandat, Chenanga, Kenanga utan.
PORTUGUESE: Cananga, Ilanga.
RUSSIAN: Ilang-ilang, Zheltyi ilang-lang, Kananga duchistaia.
SANSKRIT: Vanachampaka, Lanji.
SPANISH: Alangilán, Cadmia, Cananga, Ilang-ilang.
THAI: Fereng, Kradang nga thai, Kradangnga-songkhla, Sabannga-ton.
VIETNAMESE: Ng[oj]c t[aa]y, Ho[af]ng lan, Ngoc lan tay, Hoang lan.

General info
- Cananga is a small genus of trees in the family Annonaceae. Two species are recognized: Cananga brandisiana (Pierre) Saff., and Cananga odorata (Lam.) Hook.f. & Thomson. (42)
- A variety, Cananga odorata macrophylla (Cannagium odoratum macrophylla) yields Cananga oil, also used in the manufacture of cosmetics and soap, flavoring of foods as gelatins and puddings.
- Ylang-ylang is one of the most extensively used natural material in the perfume industry, earning it the name "Queen of Perfumes".
- Etymology: Ylang-ylang is the Spanish spelling of its Tagalog name, ilang-ilang, a reduplicative form of the word "ilang", meaning "wilderness", alluding to the tree's natural habitat. A common mistranslation is "flower of flowers".
- Commerce: In the late 1980s, world production of ylang-ylang oil was about US$7M, compared to US$1.35M for cananga oil.
- Ylang-ylang oil is fractionated in different grades. In Madagascar 4 grades are recognized: Extra, First, Second, and Third. Another grade, Premier, is only produced by special order. Extra and First are used in fine perfumery, Second and Third are used in soap perfumery. (41)
- Ylang-ylang oil "Extra" is the first and most volatile fraction containing 20-40% of total distillate. Ylang-ylang oil blends well with bois de rose oil, methyl salicylate, phenylethyl cinnamate and vetiver oil. It is used as modifier in artificial violet and lilac perfumery products. (41)
- Adulterants: Flowers of climbing ylang-ylang (Artabotrys uncinatus) are sometimes mixed with true ylang-ylang flowers as adulterants. They resemble true C. odorata flowers and are also fragrant. (41)

Botany
Ilang-ilang is a medium-sized tree growing 10 to 30 meters in height, with pendulous branches, with drooping, leafy twigs. Flowers are fragrant, axillary, in umbellate hanging clusters, with three sepals and six petals, twisted when young and drooping when mature. Leaves are dark green, up to 20 centimeters in length, alternate, simple, entire. Fruit is black in color, 1.5 to 2 centimeters in length, in axillary clusters, fleshy and olive-like, with six to 12 seeds in each fruit.

Distribution
- Native to the Philippines.
- Cultivated for ornamental purposes.

-  Also native to Borneo, Jawa, Lesser Sunda Is., Malaya, New Guinea, Queensland, Solomon Is., Sulawesi, Sumatera,  Thailand, Vietnam. (18)

Constituents
• The oil extracted from fresh flowers has a floral fragrance.
• The oil is distilled from freshly harvested flowers.
• Study of fruits isolated a new guaipyridine sesquiterpene alkaloid, cananodine (1), and two new eudesmane sesquiterpenes cryptomeridiol 11-alpha-L-rhamnoside (2) and gamma-eudesmol 11-alpha-L-rhamnoside (3), along with gamma-eudesmol (4). Compounds 1-4 and four previously reported alkaloids, cleistopholine (5), N-trans-feruloyltyramine (6) (+)-ushinsunine-beta-N-oxide (7), and lyscamine (8) were evaluated for cytotoxicity. (see study below) (1)
• Fractionation of essential oil isolated 17 compounds. From the volatile, oxygenated and hydrocarbon fractions, 52 compounds were identified, among them: (alpha)-cedrene, (alpha)-amorphene, (gamma)-gisabolene and cadinols. (5)
• From the leaves and branches, two unusual lactones were isolated: one already known, isosiphonodin; and the other, canangone, a new terpenoid spirolactone. (6)
• Study of stem bark extract reported liriodenine, anonaine, roemerine, ushinine, and canangine, which was later reported as eupolauridine. (see study below) (14)
• Phytochemical study of leaves yielded four compounds, viz., two steroids: ß-sitosterol and stigmasterol, and two oxoaporphine alkaloids:
liriodenine and lysicamine. (15)
• Study of essential oil of leaves yielded a total of 23 components. The principal compounds were linalool (21.08%), linalool acetate (16.14%) α-pinene (12.73%), eugenol (8.86%), and α-terpineol acetate (7.71%), with isobornyl acetate (3.56%), c-terpineol (3.46%) and camphor (3.23%). (see study below)   (16)
• Phytochemical analysis of various leaf extracts yielded alkaloids, carbohydrates, glycosides, saponins, phenols, tannins, flavonoids, proteins and amino acids, steroid, and coumarin. (23)
• Study for volatile compounds from flower essential oil yielded limonene, linalool, benzyl acetate and ß-caryophyllene, while leaf essential oils yielded α-pinene and ß-caryophyllene. (25)
• GC-MS analysis of fresh flower essential oil yielded main constituents of α-humulene (7.1%), germacrene D (8.1%), (E,E)-α-farnesene (12.6%), (E,E)-farnesol (5.6% and benzyl benzoate (3.8%). Major constituents of the oil were linalool (8.7%) and ß-caryophyllene (26.8%). (30)
• GC-MS study for leaf essential oil identified a total of 25 components (91%). Major compounds were trans-caryophyllene (19.7%), ocimene (13.2%), E, E-α-farnesene (10.3%), phenylmethyl ester (5.6%), farnesyl acetone (5.1%), t-muurolol (4.2%), farnesol (3.7%), ß-elemene (3.1%), α-cadinol (3.0%), copaene (2.9%) benzyl-benzoate (2.3%), trans-farnesol (2.1%). The EO is rich in sesquiterpenoids including sesquiterpenes hydrocarbon (42.3%), monoterpene hydrocarbons (18.1%) and oxygenated compound (30.7%).

Properties
• Essential oil considered antidepressant, antiseborrheic, antiseptic, aphrodisiac, nervine and sedative.
• Studies have suggested antioxidant, antimicrobial, antibiofilm, anti-inflammatory, antivector, antidiabetic, antimelanogenesis, cytotoxic, antifertility, insecticidal properties.


Parts used
Flowers, bark, oil.

Uses
Edibility
- Oil used as flavoring agent for beverages, ice cream, candies and baked goods.
Folkloric
- Oil Used for a variety of infectious and skin diseases, acne and scalp conditions.
- Sedative and antidepressant.
- Reduces sebum in oily skin.
- Use for insect bite.
- Bark decoction used for rheumatism, ophthalmia, ulcers and fevers.
- In Java and Vietnam, dried flowers used to treat malaria.
- In Indonesia, oil used to enhance euphoria during sex and to reduce sexual anxiety.
- Reportedly used to decrease blood pressure.
- In India, used topically to relieve itching and also to treat dandruff.
- In Tonga and Samoa, bark used to treat stomach ailments and as a laxative.
- In Papua New Guinea, bark decoction used to treat gout.
- In Tonga and Samoa, bark decoction used as laxative.
- In Java, flowers used for malaria, and fresh flowers, pounded into a paste, used for asthma.
Others
Perfumery: Primary commercial product is the oil distilled for the perfume industry. Oil is used as a fragrance for cosmetics (1% in perfumes), soaps, shampoos, creams and lotions. (•)  Cananga oil mixed with coconut oil is used as hair oil, Macassar oil, different from the seed oil from Scheiichera oleosa, which is similarly called. Thai women apply an infusion of flowers on the body after bathing.
Aromatherapy: Essential oil used in aromatherapy, with claims of usefulness for depression, breathing problems, hypertension, and anxiety.
Matrimonial: Also regarded as an aphrodisiac. In some Asian countries, the flowers are laid out in matrimonial beds.
• Motion sickness: An ingredient in motion sickness medicine, MotionEaze.
Ornamental: Fragrant flowers used in making lei and headdresses.

Wood: Wood is used in making small canoe parts, furniture, fuel wood and cordage. (11) Used for making small drums and matchsticks.
• Fiber: In Indonesia, ropes made out of beaten bark. (20)

Studies
Cytotoxic / Anticancer / Fruits: A new guaipyridine sesquiterpene alkaloid, cananodine, and two new eudesmane sesquiterpenes were isolated from the fruits of CO and were evaluated for cytotoxicity against two human hepatocarcinoma cell lines. (1)
Antibacterial and cytotoxic / Bark: Isolated compounds from the bark showed antibacterial activities, as well as antifungal and cytotoxic activities. (2)
Relaxing Effect / Aromatherapy: Using human physiological parameters and self-evaluation after transdermal absorption In a study of 40 healthy volunteers, ylang ylang oil caused a significant decrease of blood pressure and increase of skin temperature with subjective ratings of being calmer and more relax than in the control group. Study suggests some evidence of usage of the ylang ylang oil in aromatherapy for relief of depression and stress in humans. (4)
Antifertility: The study of ethanol extract of Cananga odorata possesses antifertility effects with statistically significant alterations in sperm morphology as well as activity of HMG CoA reductase and G6PD activities and serum testosterone.
(7)
Spermatotoxic / Root Bark:
Study of 50% ethanolic extract of root bark of C odorata resulted in spermatotoxic effects, i.e., decreased epididymal sperm motility and sperm count in male albino rats. (8)
Antimicrobial / Leaves:
Study evaluated the antimicrobial effect of various leaf extracts of Cananga odorata on bacterial cultures including Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, E coli, Vibrio cholerae and fungus Epidermophyton floccosum., M. gypseum, and T. mentagrophytes. Among extracts tested, methanol was more effective than chloroform and petroleum ether. (12)
Effects of Aroma on Blood Pressure and Heart Rate in Healthy Men: Study showed YYA (ylang-ylang aroma) caused a reduction of HR and BP, and a relief of the arousal level in healthy men. Results suggest a sedative effect of YYA, and provides evidence of usage as a medicinal agent. (13)
Sampangine / Alkaloid / Leaves:
Study of stem bark extract by Cave and co-workers reported liriodenine, anonaine, roemerine, ushinine, and canangine, which was later reported as eupolauridine. This study of a chloroform extract reports the isolation of two alkaloids, A (new and named sampangine) and B. (14)
Insecticidal / Essential Oil: Study evaluated the chemical composition and insecticidal activity of the essential oil of C. odorata leaves against maize weevils (Sitophilus zeamais). The essential oil showed strong contact toxicity against S. zeamais. The essential oil also showed fumigant toxicity against the grain storage insect. (see constituents above) (16)
Volatile Organic Compound Emissions from Stages of Flower Development: Study evaluated the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of the different flower development stages of Cananga odorata for the evaluation of floral volatile polymorphism as a basis to determine the best time of harvest. Ninety-two compounds were identified over the flower life. The VOCs were largely hydrocarbons, esters, alcohols, aldehydes, phenols, acids, ketones and ethers. The main compound was ß-caryophyllene; others were β-cubebene, D-germacrene, benzyl benzoate, and α-cubebene. (17) The chemical composition of oils extracted from flowers at different stages of development differed both qualitatively and quantitatively. Generation of total volatile metabolites increased markedly during flower maturation. (21)
Essential Oil Constituents of Varieties at Different Flowering Stages: Study of three varieties of essential oils showed the odor quality was related to the variety, contents of esters, alcohols and phenolic ethers; and the greater the sesquiterpenes and sesquiterpenols, the worse the odor quality. The quality of the oil was also better when obtained from the flowers when the flower color changed from green to yellow than oil obtained from green flowers or flower buds. (22)
Spermatotoxic Effects: Study of 50% ethanolic extract of root bark showed spermatotoxic effects in male albino rats. Results showed decreased epididymal sperm motility and sperm count, suppression of testosterone production and increase in its catabolism, with alteration in micronutrients of the testis causing deficiency in nutrients for the proper maturation and function of sperms. (24)
Antioxidant / Antibacterial / Flower Essential Oil: Essential oil from C. odorata flower and leaf showed antioxidant activity, especially in inhibiting lipid peroxidation. Flower EO inhibited growth of bacterial strains tested, and flower and leaf EO showed antifungal activity against fungal strains tested.    (25)
Anti-Inflammatory: Study evaluated the anti-inflammatory activity of ethanolic extract of C. odorata using carrageenan-induced paw edema in Wistar albino rats. Results showed highly significant anti-inflammatory activity, higher than standard drug aspirin in the studied doses. (26)
Aromatherapy / Pilot Study for Anxiety and Self-Esteem: Pilot study on 34 professionals from a nursing group evaluated the of ylang ylang essential oil by cutaneous application or inhalation for effects on anxiety and self-esteem perception and physiological parameters such as blood pressure and temperature. Results showed a significant difference in self-esteem; however, there were no differences in analysis for anxiety and physiological parameters. (27)
Mosquito Insecticidal Potential / Essential Oil: Study of the essential oil of C. odorata flowers for oviposition-deterrent, ovicidal, insecticidal, and repellent activities against three mosquito species: Aedes aegypti, Anopheles dirus, and Culex quinquefasciatus showed potential for use as a botanical insecticide. (28)
Analgesic: Insecticidal Potential / Essential Oil: Study of ethanolic extract of CO showed central and peripheral analgesic activity by Tail Flick method and Acetic Acid Induced Writhing tests in Swiss albino mice. (29)
• Effect of Picking Time on Essential Oil: Study evaluated the optimal harvesting time for ylang-ylang flowers to maximize essential oil yield. Results showed stages and sizes of flowers affected essential oil yield. Picking flowers at  *:00 am in the morning highest yield. Main constituents of flower essential oil were as follows: geranyl acetate (18.28%), benzyl benzoate (14.42%), germacrene D (10.92%), trans-caryophyllene (10.71 %), geraniol (8.44%) and eugenol (6.65%). (31)
• Antimicrobial / Flowers: Study evaluated the antibiotic property of eight different selected flowers against various human bacterial pathogens. Extracts during blossoming time were found to be more effective. Cananga odorata flowers showed stronger antibacterial activity. (32)
• Vapor Aromatherapy in Chemotherapy-Induced Anxiety State among Breast Cancer Patients / Clinical Trial: A randomized controlled trial evaluated the short-term, immediate effect in reducing chemotherapy-induced anxiety state among 34 stage II and III female breast cancer patients. Results showed reduction of anxiety state among Stage II and III breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy who had moderate anxiety. (33)
• Anti-Hepatitis B Virus Activity / Flowers: Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) can lead to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Study screened various crude extracts of Indonesian plants for anti-HBV activity by determining effects on production of extracellular HBV DNA in Hep38.7-Tet cells and HBV entry into a HBV-susceptible cell line, HepG2-NTCP.  In Hwp38.7 cells, Cananga odorata exhibited highest anti-HBV activity with IC50 of 56.5 µg/ml and CC50 of 5409.2 µg/ml (Selectivity index: 9.6). C. odorata showed lowered level of HBsAg production of 58.0% at 100 µg/ml concentration. Results suggest C. odorata extract has potential as candidate for development of anti-HBV drugs. (34)
• Anti-Inflammatory / Essential Oil: Study evaluated the acute toxicity and effect of ylang-ylang essential oil (YEO) on acute inflammation. Oral treatment with YEO reduced leukocyte recruitment and nitric oxide production in zymosa-induced peritonitis model, reduced rolling and adherent leukocyte number induced by carrageenan in the in situ microcirculation model, and reduced carrageenan-induced edema and mechanical hyperalgesia.  The YEO showed a predominance of benzyl acetate, linalool, benzyl benzoate, and methyl benzoate. YEO did not show signs of toxicity in acute toxicity testing. Results suggest YEO affected leukocyte activation and exhibited antiedematogenic, anti-hyperalgesic, and anti-inflammatory properties. (36)
• Antioxidant / Anticancer Potential / Essential Oil of Leaves: Study evaluated C. odorata for leaf essential oil. The EO was tested for antioxidant efficiency by DPPH radical method with BHA as standard. The EO showed concentration-dependent antiradical activity with EC50 of 19,5±1.25 µg/mL with BHA showing an EC50 of 1.10 ± 0.55 µg/mL. In-vitro anticancer potential of EO by MTT  assay using MOLT-3 cell line exhibited significant anticancer activity with IC50 of 44.22 µg/mL. Results showed the EO possesses significant antioxidant and anticancer properties with potential as a natural supplement as antioxidant and anticancer agents. (37)
• Solvent-Free Microwave Extraction of Essential Oil from Flowers: Extraction of EO by convention methods such as hydrodistillation, steam hydrodistillation and steam distillation takes a long time. Study reports on the extraction of cananga oil using solvent-free microwave extraction (SFME) method. GC-MS analysis of extracted oil showed main components of ß-caryophyllene (16.85%), benzyl benzoate (14.32%), caryophyllene oxide (13.48%) and germacrene (10.69%). The SFME method offers the possibility for better reproduction of the natural aroma of flower EO compared to that obtained by conventional method. (38)
• Anti-Biofilm Properties Against P. aeruginosa / Essential Oil: Study evaluated the anti-biofilm properties of C. odorata essential oil against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Results showed significant inhibitory effects of C. odorata essential oil against biofilm formed by P. aeruginosa. The MBIC and MIC were shown to be at 50% concentration of C. odorata essential oil. (39)
• Repellent / Thixogel Formulation / Essential Oils of C. odorata and C. nardus: Study evaluated thixogel formulations based on corn starch containing the combination of essential oils from ylang-ylang (C. odorata) and citronella (Cymbopogon nardus) plants, its safety, and mosquito repellent activities. Organoleptic studies showed the formulations of thixogel without EO (F0), with ylang-ylang oils (F1), with citronella oils (F2), and with both EOs (F3). All the formulations had thixotropic properties without human skin irritation. The F2 formulation significantly improved repellent activity against Aedes aegypti compared to single EO on corn-starch based thixogel (F1 and F2). Results suggest potential for topical administration of EO as ecofriendly repellent agents, which are safe for humans, domestic animals. (40)

Safety / Allergy concerns
- Probably safe in the amount found in foods.
- No known interactions with herbs and other dietary supplements
- In cosmetics, used in moderation, the oil is non-toxic and a non-irritant. However, the oil is considered as an allergen, and has been removed from some cosmetics. (1
0)

Availability
- Wild-crafted.
- Cultivated for ornamental use.
 
- Extracts and essentials oils in the cybermarket.

Updated September 2022 / February 2018 / November 2015

PHOTOS / ILLUSTRATIONS
Photos © Godofredo Stuart / StuartXchange

Additional Sources and Suggested Readings
(1)
Cytotoxic Constituents of the Fruits of Cananga odorata / T J Hsieh, F R Chang, Y C Chia, H F Chiu, Y C Wu / J. Nat. Prod., 2001, 64 (5), pp 616–619 / DOI: 10.1021/np0005208
(2)
Antibacterial and cytotoxic compounds from the bark of Cananga odorata / Fitoterapia, Volume 76, Issues 7-8, December 2005, Pages 758-761 / doi:10.1016/j.fitote.2005.08.011
(3)
Illustrated Encyclopedia of Natural Remedies - C. Norman Shealy, MD, PhD., Element Books Limited, 1998
(4)
Relaxing effect of ylang ylang oil on humans after transdermal absorption / Tapanee Hongratanaworakit and Gerhard Buchbauer / Phytotherapy Research, Vol 20 Issue 9, Pages 758 - 763 / DOI 10.1002/ptr.1950
(5)
Composition of the essential oil of Ylang-Ylang (Cananga odorata Hook Fil. et Thomson forma genuina) from Madagascar / Emile M. Gaydou et al / J. Agric. Food Chem., 1986, 34 (3), pp 481–487 / DOI: 10.1021/jf00069a028
(6)
Unusual Lactones from Cananga odorata (Annonaceae) / Eric Caloprisco et al / J. Agric. Food Chem., 2002, 50 (1), pp 78–80 / DOI: 10.1021/jf0105079
(7)
Spermatotoxic effects of Cananga odorata (Lam): a comparison with gossypol / Pankajakshy A and Madambath I / Fertil Steril. 2009 May;91(5 Suppl):2243-6. Epub 2008 Aug 9.

(8)
Impact of feeding ethanolic extract of root bark of Cananga odorata on reproductive functions of male rats / P Anitha & M Indira / Indian Journ Exp Biol, Dec 2006
(9)
Cananga odorata (Lam.) Hook. f. et Thomson (accepted name) / Chinese names / Catalogue of Life, China
(10)
Cananga odorata (ylang-ylang) / Harley I. Manner and Craig R. Elevitch / Species Profiles for Pacific Island Agroforestry
(11)
Sorting Cananga names / Authorised by Prof. Snow Barlow / Maintained by: Michel H. Porcher / MULTILINGUAL MULTISCRIPT PLANT NAME DATABASE / Copyright © 1997 - 2000 The University of Melbourne.

(12)
EVALUATION OF ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF CANANGA ODORATA (LAM.)HOOK.F. & THOMSON LEAF EXTRACT: AN IN VITRO STUDY / Isaivani Indrakumar*, V.Selvi, R.Gomathi and S.Karpagam / Mintage journal of Pharmaceutical & Medical Sciences, 21-22
(13)
Effects of Ylang-Ylang aroma on blood pressure and heart rate in healthy men / Da-Jung Jung, Jun-Youl Cha, [...], and Yong-Seok Jee / JER: Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation, Apr 2013; 9(2): 250-255
(14)
Sampangine, A New Alkaloid from Cananga odorata / J U M Rao, G S Giri, T Hanumiah, and K V J Rao / Journal of Natural Products, Vol 49 No 2, Pp 346-347, Mar-Apr 1986
(15)
PHYTOCHEMICAL STUDY OF CANANGA ODORATA (LAM) HOOK.F. & THOMSON & THOMS (ANNONACEAE) / KHAIRANA HUSAIN*, JAMIA AZDINA JAMAL & JURIYATI JALIL / International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vol 4, Suppl 4, 2012
(16)
Composition and insecticidal activity of the essential oil of Cananga odorata leaves against Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) / Jun Cheng, Kai Yang, Na Na Zhao, Xuan Gao Wang, Shu Ying Wang and Zhi Long Liu* / Journal of Medicina Plants Research, May 2021; 6(18): pp. 3482-3486 / DOI: 10.5897/JMPR12.136
(17)
Volatile organic compound emissions from different stages of Cananga odorata flower development. / Qin XW, Hao CY, He SZ, Wu G, Tan LH, Xu F, Hu R / Molecules. 2014 Jun 27;19(7):8965-80. doi: 10.3390/molecules19078965.
(18) 
Canango odorata / Plants of the World Online
(19)
Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry, and Bioactivities of Cananga odorata (Ylang-Ylang) / Loh Teng Hern Tan, Learn Han Lee, Wai Fong Yin, Chim Kei Chan, Habsah Abdul Kadir, Kok Gan Chan, and Bey Hing Goh / Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, Volume 2015 (2015) / http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/896314
(20)
Cananga odorata / World Agroforestry
(21)
A study of the compositional variation of the essential oil of ylang-ylang (Cananga odorata Hook Fil. et Thomson, formagenuina) during flower development / Elena E. Stashenko*, William Torres andJairo René Martinez Morales / Journal of High Resolution Chromatography, Volume 18, Issue 2, pages 101–104, February 1995 / DOI: 10.1002/jhrc.1240180206
(22)
Study on constituents of essential oils from Cananga odorata in different varieties at different flowering stages. [1988] / Ding Jingkai, Yi Yuanfen, Wu Yi, Liu Zeguang, Dao Sihua / Acta Botanica Yunnanica
(23)
Phytochemical Analysis of Leaf Extracts of Calophyllum inophyllum L. And Cananga odorata (Lam.) Hook.F. & Thomson / Isaivani Indrakumar, V Selvi, R Gomathi, S Karpagam / IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences, Volume 3, Issue 2 (Sep-Oct. 2012), PP 35-37
(24)
Impact of feeding ethanolic extract of root bark of Cananga odorata (Lam) on reproductive functions of male rats / P Anitha & M Indira / Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, Vol 44, Dec 2006, pp 976-980
(25)
VOLATILE COMPOUNDS AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF EXTRACTS OF Cananga odorata AND ITS PETAL-DERIVED CALLUS / NURAZAH ZAIN / Thesis 2009
(26)
Evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity of ethanolic extract of Cananga odorata Lam in experimental animals / Yasmeen A. Maniyar, C. H. Janaki Devi. / Int J Basic Clin Pharmacol. 2015; 4(2): 354-357 / doi: 10.5455/2319-2003.ijbcp20150439
(27)
Aromatherapy with ylang ylang for anxiety and self-esteem: a pilot study / Juliana Rizzo Gnatta, Patricia Petrone Piason, Cristiane de Lion Botero Couto Lopes, Noemi Marisa Brunet Rogenski, Maria Júlia Paes da Silva / Rev. esc. enferm. USP vol.48 no.3 São Paulo June 2014 / http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0080-623420140000300015
(28)
Efficacy of essential oil from Cananga odorata (Lamk.) Hook.f.&Thomson (Annonaceae) against three mosquito species Aedes aegypti (L.), Anopheles dirus (Peyton and Harrison), and Culex quinquefasciatus (Say). / Mayura Soonwera / Parasitol Res. 2015 Sep 4. Epub 2015 Sep 4. PMID: 26337270
(29)
EVALUATION OF ANALGESIC ACTIVITY OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF CANANGA ODORATA LAM IN EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS / YASMEEN A MANIYAR AND JANAKI DEVI C.H.* / Int J Pharm Bio Sci 2015 April; 6(2): (P) 467 - 474
(30)
GC and GC-MS analysis of the fresh flower essential oil of Cananga odorata (Lam.) Hook. f. et Th. var. fruticosa (Craib) J. Sincl. / Phan Minh Giang and Phan Tong Son / American Journal of Essential Oils and Natural Products 2016; 4(4): pp 9-11
(31)
EFFECT OF PICKING TIME ON ESSENTIAL OIL YIELD OF YLANG-YLANG (CANANGA ODORATA) / U. Muchjajib , S. Muchjajib / ISHS Acta Horticulturae 925 / DOI: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2011.925.36
(32)
Screening of antimicrobial activity of flower extracts on human bacterial pathogens / Syam Sree. K, Anudeep. M, Ch. Venkata Ramana, Ch. Bhaskar / Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 2015; 3(6): pp 153-156
(33)
Effectiveness of Cananga odorata (ylang-ylang) vapor aromatherapy in chemotherapy-induced state anxiety reduction among breast cancer patients: a randomized controlled trial / Michaela Nicole C San Juan, Jocyn S San Andres, Elene May V Sanchez, Gabriel Francisco S Sanchez, Mariz Kaye A Sales, Sarah Patricia M Salud et al / Herdin Record #: NCR-UERMMMC-15012305110319 
(34)
Antiviral Activity of Cananga odorata against Hepatitis B Virus / Pugh Indrasetiawan, Chie Aoki-Utsubo, Yoshitake Hayashi et al / Kobe J Med Sci., 2019; 65(2): pp 71-79 / PMID: 31956259 /   PMCID: PMC7012192
(35)
Ylang-ylang / Wikipedia
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Effect of Ylang-Ylang (Cananga odorata Hook. F. & Thomson) Essential Oil on Acute Inflammatory Response in Vitro and In Vivo / Robson Araujo de Freitas Junior, Paloma Kenia de Moraes Berenguel Lossavaro, Saulo Euclides Silva-Filho et al / Molecules, June 2022; 27(12): 3666 / DOI: 10.3390/molecules27123666  / PMID: 35744789 / PMCID: PMC9231162
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Chemical Composition of Essential Oil of Cananga odorata (Lam.) Hook.F. & Thomson  Leaves and its Biologic Activities / Krishnasamy Vimaladevi, Madhiyan  Selladurai et al / Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, 2021; 24(3): pp 596-602 / DOI: 10.1080/0972060X.2021.1957023
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Extraction of essential oil from Cananga (Cananga odorata) using solvent-free microwave extraction: a preliminary study / M Mahfud, D K Y Putri, I E P Dewi, H S Kusuma / RASAYAN J Chem, 2017; 10(1): pp 86-91 / pISSN: 0974-1496 / eISSN: 0976-0083 / CODEN: RJCABP
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Anti-biofilm properties of Cananga odorata (ylang-ylang) essential   oil against Pseudomonas aeruginosa / Jeromme Arthenian B Aman, Garielle B Guevarra, Jacob Renuel B Lubag, Pamela Vel B Marpa, Maria Janella Punzalan / Bachelor's Thesis:  De La Salle Medical and Health Sciences Institute / Green Prints
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Repellent Activity of Essential Oils from Cananga odorata Lamk. and Cymbopogon nardus L. on Corn Starch-Based Thixogel / Wathoni Nasrul, Sriwidodo, Mutiara Ajeng Ninda et al /   Journal of Young Pharmacists, 2018; 10(2): pp 118-123 / DOI: 10.5530/jyp.2018.2s.24
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Cananga odorata / PROSEA: Plant Resources of South-East Asia
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Cananga / Wikipedia

DOI: It is not uncommon for links on studies/sources to change. Copying and pasting the information on the search window or using the DOI (if available) will often redirect to the new link page. (Citing and Using a (DOI) Digital Object Identifier)

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