HOME      •      SEARCH      •      EMAIL    •     ABOUT

Family Fabaceae
Kakawate
Gliricidia sepium
(Jacq.) Steud.
ST. VINCENT'S PLUM

Ge li dou

Scientific names Common names
Galedupa pungam  Blanco Kakaoati (Bon.)
Gliricidia lambii Fernald Kakauati (Tag.) 
Gliricidia maculata (Kunth) Walp. Kakawate (Tagalog)  
Lonchocarpus rosea (Mill.) DC. Madrecacao (Tag., Span.)
Lonchocarpus sepium (Jacq.) DC. Madrecaco (Tag.)
Milletia luzoniensis A. Gray Madre kakau (Tag.) 
Milletia splendidissima "sensu Naves, non Blume" Mandiri-kakau (Sul.)
Robinia maculata Kunth Marikadau (Tag.)
Robinia rosea Mill. Marikakaw (Tag.)
Robinia sepium Jacq. Aaron's rod (Engl.)
Robinia variegata Schltdl. Gliricidia tree (Engl.)
  Glory cedar (Engl.)
  Mexican lilac (Engl.)
  Mother of cocoa (Engl.)
  St. Vincent plum (Engl.)
  Tree of iron (Engl.)
Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Walp. is an accepted name The Plant List

Other vernacular names
BRAZILIAN: Mata-ratos
CHINESE: Ge li dou.
COLOMBIAN: Mata-raton
COSTA RICAN: Bala, Balo, Madera negra, Sangre de drago.
CREOLE: Piyon.
CUBAN: Bien vestida, Piñon amoroso, Piñon florido, Piñon violenta.
EL SALVADOR: Palo de hierro
FRENCH: Immortelle, Lilas étranger, Madre de cacao.
HAITIAN: Iilas stranger.
INDONESIAN: Gamal.
JAMAICAN: Quick stick, St. Vincent plum.
LAOS: Khe falangx, Khe nooyz.
MALAYSIAN: Bunga jepun.
MEXICO: Cacaguanance, Cacahuananche, Cacahuanano. Chante, Cocoite, Cuchunuc, Flor de San Jose, Frijolillo, Guie-niiza, Madriado, Mata-raton, palo de corral, primavera, Sacyab, Sayab, Tunduti, Yaga-le.
NETHERLANDS ANTILLES: Ratonera, Yerba di tonka.
PALAUAN: Rechesengel.
PANAMA: Bala, Balo, Madera negra.
PORTUGUESE: Mae-do-cacau, Planta mae do cacau.
SINHALESE: Kona, Maikona gaha.
SPANISH: Madriado, Mata raton, Palo de hierro, Palo de parque, Piñon florido, Madre de cacao
THAI: Khae farang.
VIETNAMESE: Anh d[af]o g[is]la, H[oo]ng mai, Hong mai, Sat thu.

Gen info
The name "gliricidia" derives from the Latin 'glis' (dormouse) and caedere (to kill). The Spanish name "mata-raton" refers to the tree's rodenticial properties.

As the tree pods hang-dry in the sun, they curl and explode, making a popping cracking sound. A cluster of trees with their pods snapping and popping and falling to the ground, in unison, make a fascinating afternoon of nature's concoction of sound.

The tree is common in the southern Tagalog areas, shedding leaves around December and flowering February and March. In some areas, the blooming of its pink flowers is so profuse to deserve a comparison with the cherry blossoms.

Botany
Kakawati is a smooth, deciduous tree, 3 to 10 meters high. Leaves are 15 to 25 centimeters long with 13 leaflets which are opposite, oblong-ovate, 4 to 6 centimeters long, with a pointed tip and rounded base. Racemes are numerous on leafless branches, containing many flowers. Flowers are pink, 2 centimeters long, with a truncate calyx. The standard is reflexed and pale-yellow in the median part. The pods are narrowly oblong to oblanceolate, 10 to 14 centimeters long, about 2 centimeters wide, containing 6 to 8 seeds.

Distribution
- Thoroughly naturalized throughout the Philippines in settled areas at low and medium altitudes.
- Planted as an ornamental flowering tree for its beautiful pink flowers.
- Introduced by the Spaniards from Mexico.

Constituents
• Phytochemical studies have yielded a formosin (an isoflavan, reportedly with anti-tumor capacity), formononetin, gliricidin-6a-gliricidol-9a, medicarpin (pterocarpan), 7,4'-dihydroxy-3'-methoxyisoflavin, 2'O-methylsepiol, tannin, and a trihydroxyflavone.
• Heartwood yielded a stigmastanol glucoside and 3'4-dihydroxy-trans-cinnamic acid octacosylester 2 along with three other known constituents.
• Study of leaves yielded two new triterpene saponins (1 and 2), possessing 3beta, 21beta, 24--trihydroxy-22-oxoolean-12-ene as aglycon, together with known aromatic compounds. (11)
• Study of bark oil by GC-MS analysis yielded 19 compounds. The major components were methyl‐3(E)‐pentenyl ether (11.55%), 3‐methyl‐2‐butanol (10.65%), 3‐methoxy hexane (10.14%), 1‐(1‐ethoxyethoxy)‐2‐hexene (9.72%), 2‐ decanol (8.97%), coumarin (8.07%) and hexadecanoic acid (5.16%).
(see study below) (17)
• Proximate chemical composition of leaves yielded of bark oil by GC-MS yielded (g/100g DM) 34.5 dry matter, 20.69 crude protein, 23.08 crude fiber, 4.95 ether extract, 7.69 ash, 43.59 nitrogen-free extract, 92.31 organic matter, 48.18 total digestible N, 0.95 Ca, 0.30 P, 0.03 Na, 0.46 Mg, 3.36 K, 21.0 (ppm) Zn, 300 (ppm) Fe, 80 (ppm) Mn, 5 (ppm) Cu, and 4.35 (kcal/g) gross energy. (18)
- GC-FID and GC-MS study of leaves and flowers for essential oil yielded a total of 96 and 109 compounds, respectively, corresponding to 87.9% and 89.2% of total amount of oils. Leaf oil consisted mainly of alipathics (54.9%) and terpenoids (28.1%). Major compounds from the leaf oil were pentadecanal (18.7%), (Z)-phytol (7.8%), methyl linolenate (6.0%) and nonanal (5.1%). Flower oil consisted mainly of alipathics (58.9%) and terpenoids (25.8%), with major components of hexadecanoic acid (19.7%), myrtenol (7.7%), and (#)-nerolidol (5.9%).

Properties
• Tannins are considered potentially antidiarrheal, antidysenteric, antimutagenic, antioxidant, bactericidal, hepatoprotective, pesticidal and viricidal.
• Studies have suggested antimicrobial, anti-scabies, nematicidal, insecticidal, antiviral, acaricidal properties.

Parts utilized
Leaves, bark, roots.

Uses

Folkloric

- Dermatitis, skin itching: Apply juice or decoction of leaves, bark or roots on the skin as antipruritic.
- Fresh leaves applied to the skin as insect
repellent.
- As counterirritant: Crush leaves and apply as poultice for rheumatic pains, sprains and closed fractures.
- Sap of bark, leaves and roots have been used for wound healing.
- Treatment of scabies.
- In Guatemala, the bark and leaves are used to treat skin diseases.
- In Guatemala and Costa Rica, bark decoction is used against bacterial and protozoal infections.
- In many folkloric regimens of other countries, used for headache, bruises, burns, colds, cough, fever, fatigue, gangrene, gonorrhea, skin itches and sores; as antidote, insecticide, insect repellent
.
- In Panama, decoction of leaves used in urticaria, rash, burns, and erysipelas.
- In some parts of Nigeria, used for the treatment of sickle cell disease. (see study below) (24)

Others
-
Wood: Wood is hard and durable used for small housing needs, posts, implement handles and firewood. In the Tagalog areas, popularly used as a living fence or live stakes to support plantings.
- Fuel: Used as firewood or source of charcoal. Wood produces a slow burn, without sparking and with little smoke. Calorific value of a 5-year old tree is 4,550 kcal/kg. (28)
- Fleas and
ticks: Leaves have a fetid smell; crushed, used to rid dogs of fleas and ticks and cattle, of ticks. (Also read this blog: Washing Your Dog with Boiled Madre de Cacao Leaves 22)
-
Poison: Plant has found application as rodenticide and general pesticide. (read study below: 21) Leaves, seeds, or powdered bark are toxic to humans when mixed with cooked rice or maize. The mechanism of toxicity is not understood. (28)
- Insecticidal, Antifungal, Antiviral: There is some evidence to suggest G. sepium can protect some crops from fungal, insect or viral attack directly or by acting as a diversionary host plant for pets. Studies have also suggested G. sepium mulch has a fungicidal effect. It has been used to control termite damage in Sri Lanka and stem-borer damage to rice in the Philippines. In India, the tree was found to have a positive effect on the transmission of aphids (Aphis craccivora) causing rosette disease in groundnuts.
(17) (Also see: 36, 37)
-
Insect repellent: In Latin American, used by farmers to repel insects. Leaves are ground up, mixed with water, and the resulting paste use to bathe animals, and repeated every 7 to 14 days, decreasing the infections from tropical warble fly.
≠≠≠≠
- Fodder: Gliricidia sepium has a high nutrient content and great potential for animal feeding. (18)
- Apiculture: Flowers attract honeybees; hence, an important species for honey production. (28)

Studies
Anti-Pseudomonas:
Crude extract of Gliricidium sepium showed potential anti-pseudomonas drug potential with an in vitro study showing a minimum inhibitory concentration at 1%. (1)
Anti-Scabies:
A double-blind, randomized, controlled, clinical trial on 44 subjects compared the effectiveness and safety of G. sepium poultice against sulfur lotion as an anti-scabies agent. study concluded that the "kakawati" preparation is as effective as sulfur lotion in the treatment of scabies. (2)
Antimicrobial:
Study of 10 medicinal plants in Colombian folk medicine, including G sepium, was done screening for antimicrobial activity. The ethanol extracts were all active against S aureus except for J. secunda. (4)
Antimicrobial: A possible alternative in the treatment of non-nosocomial infections: G. sepium was one of ten medicinal plants screened for antimicrobial activity, all of which were found effective against three or more pathogenic microorganisms, corroborating their use in folk
loric medicine.

Saponins:
Study yielded three new hederagenin-based acetylated saponins from the fruits of Gliricidia sepium
. (6)
Insecticidal / Nematicidal / Antibacterial:
Study of
leaves showed nematicidal activity against Meloidogyne incognita nematode with 60% mortality; mosquito repellent activity against Aedes aegypti with maximum 78% repellency compared to citronella oil at 74%. Using well diffusion method for antibacterial activity against E. coli, S aureus, Pseudomonas spp, S typhi and Klebsiella spp, best result was seed against E Coli. (7)
Antimicrobial / Bark:
Study on the antimicrobial activity on the bark of five tree species showed G sepium to have antimicrobial effects against S epidermis, S aureus, P aeruginosa, B pumillus and V cholerae.
(8)
Anti-Scabies: In a study of scabies treatment among selected residents of Titay, Zamboanga, results showed a significant difference between pre-treatment and post-treatment scores after one week. However, there was a noted increase of scabies lesions 2 and 4 weeks after. (10)

Antibacterial / Antifungal: Study investigated an ethanolic extract of Gliricidia sepium for antimicrobial activity against gram-positive, gram-negative bacteria, and fungi. Maximum inhibitory activity was between 0.5 and 1 mg ml-1 against bacteria and 2.5 mg ml-1 against fungi (Fusarium solni, Rhizomucor pusillus, Trichophyton sclerosis, Macrophomnia phaseolina and Rhizoctonia solani). (12)
Antibacterial / Bark, Flower and Leaf: Study investigated various extracts of bark, flower, and leaf for antibacterial activities against various pathogenic bacteria. Results showed various extracts of flower, bark, and leaves can be used as potential external antiseptic and incorporated into drug formulations. (13)
Dry Season Feed for Goat Production:
Study evaluated the nutritional value of dried G. sepium leaves both fed alone and supplemented with cassava peel in West African dwarf goats. Leaves contained 3.3%N and are available throughout the year. Dried leaves stored throughout the dry season showed no deterioration and can serve as feed reserve.
(15)
Acaricidal / Spider mite / Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval): The carmine spider mite is an important pest of various economically important crops. Ethanolic extracts showed acaricidal effects and show promise in the management of T. cinnabarinus. (16)
Antibacterial / Volatile Oil / Bark: The antibacterial activity of essential oil from bark of G. sepium checked against various pathogenic bacteria showed pronounced activity against all tested microorganisms (B. cereus, E. faecalis, S. paratyphi, S. aureus, E. coli, S. faecalis, P. vulgaris, K. pneumonia, P. aeruginosa and S. marcescens). Results suggest a potential use as an external antiseptic. (see constituents above) (17)
Antioxidant: Study evaluated the antioxidant property of Gliricidia sepium by DPPH radical scavenging assay, NO scavenging assay, super oxide radical scavenging assay and ferrous chelation assay. The plant yielded considerable amount of saponin, phenol, alkaloids, and flavonoids and showed free radical scavenging reducing power and natural chelating property. (19)

Larvicidal / Mosquito / Leaves:
Study evaluated the effectiveness of Madre de Cacao leaf extract as a larvicide for household mosquitoes (Culex pipiens). Results suggest the leaf extract has potential as a natural mosquito larvicide and an alternative substitute to commercial mosquito pesticide. (
20) Study evaluated crude extracts (CE) of dried leaves, fresh leaves, dried petioles, and stem bark for toxic properties on late third stage larvae of Anopheles stephansi, Aedes aegypti, and Culex quinquefasciatus. All the crude extracts showed toxicity to the three species of larvae, with 100% mortality at or below a dosage of 16,000 ppm. Mortality rate was dose-dependent. Overall, fresh leaves showed higher toxicity. (27)
Rodenticidal Mechanism / Coumarins / Leaves:
A study reported in 1966 evaluated the mechanism by which G. sepium exerts its rodenticidal properties. Leaf extraction yielded the presence of coumarin as a constituent of the phenolic fraction. Study suggests the bacterial conversion of coumarin into the hemorrhagic agent dicoumerol, and the pathologic evidence in rats fed on incubated leaves point to coumarin as the basis for rodenticidal property of the plant. (21)
• Antisickling / Leaves:
Study evaluated the in-vitro antisickling properties of Gliricidia sepium aqueous leaf extract against haemoglocin SS blood using freshly prepared 2% sodium metabisulphite. Results showed strong antisickling activity: 20% at 5mg, 50% at 10 mg, 80% at 15 mg, and 100% from 20 mg upward of the leaf extract. (24)
• Wound Healing / Sap:
Study evaluated the wound healing action of a formulation from the lyophilized sap of G. sepium. The gel formulation was found effective at 7.5% concentration as a wound healing agent. Results suggest a safe, effective, stable, and low cost option as a wound healing agent. (25)
• Antibacterial / Leaves:
Study evaluated methanol extracts of G. sepium leaves for antibacterial activity using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic method. Results showed the ME of GS contained chemical constituents pharmacologically important in the production of antibacterial agents. FTIR spectrum analysis can confirm its presence in the extract and evaluate the qualities of medicinal materials for pharmacologic purposes. (26)
• Herbal Soap Formulation / Adjunct in Treatment of Common Bacterial Skin Infection:
A randomized controlled trial of 50 patients in an ER and OPD setting evaluated the efficacy of a herbal soap formulation consisting of Gliciridia septum (Madre de cacao), Plumeria acuminata (kalachuchi) with VCO as an adjunct to Cephalexin in the treatment of common bacterial skin infections in children. Wilconxon rank-sum test showed that patients treated with the Cephalexin and the herbal soap had faster healing of the skin lesions with significantly higher PGA (p<0.0003/day 3, p<0.0001/day 7) compared to with group treated with Cephalexin and hypoallergenic soap. Activity was attributed to herbal soap constituents with antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and moisturizing properties. (
)
• Silver Nanoparticles / Antibacterial:Study reports on the synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Gliricidia sepium. The AgNPs showed antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumonia. The method appears to be cost efficient, ecofriendly and an easy alternative to conventional methods of silver nanoparticles synthesis. (30)
• Anti-Inflammatory / Flowers:
Study evaluated the anti-inflammatory activity of aqueous extract of Gliricidia sepium flowers by in-vitro (HRBC membrane stabilization assay) and in-vivo (carrageenan induced paw edema model) model in albino Wistar rats. The extract showed dose-dependent anti-inflammatory activity in human red blood cell membrane stabilization method with diclofenac as standard, and significant percentage inhibition of paw edema. (31)
• Wood as a Source of Dietary Fiber:
Study evaluated the addition of wood fiber to wheat flour to produce of bake breads of low caloric value and a high dietary fiber content. In a rat study with feed supplemented with insoluble wood fiber of G. sepium for four weeks, results showed acceptability, without side effects on blood parameters. The incorporation of wood fibers into wheat flour did not adversely affect the physical and baking properties of bread. Results suggest potential for the use of wood of G. sepium as a source of dietary fibers. (33)
• Isolation of Mosquito Larvicidal Compound / Leaves:
Study isolated and identified a larvicidal phytochemical from Gliricidia sepum, which is commonly used as smouldering repellent against mosquitoes. The larvicidal activity of various leaf extracts were assayed for toxicity against 4th instar larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus. Bioassay guided fractionation of the leaf extract identified 8,11,14-eicosantrienoic acid as a potential new mosquito-larvicidal compound with LC50 of 0.011 mg/ml and LC90 0.060 mg/ml against 4th instar larvae of Cx. quinquefasciatus. Results suggest potential because of plant ubiquity and easy method of extraction. (34)
• Smoke Repellent Activity / Eicosatrienoic Acid from G. s
epium / Filarial Vector Mosquitoes: Study evaluated the effectiveness of 8, 11, 14-eicosatrienoic acid from G. sepium for controlling mosquito. Mosquito coil made using eicosatrienoic acid extracted from G. sepium was fumed for the entire pregnancy period of rat. The fuming study against adult mosquitoes 8, 11, 14-eicosatrienoic acid exhibited high knock-down values KD50, with no toxicity noted to any organs. Results suggest a potential for a plant-based mosquito repellent. (35)

Preparation for scabies treatment
Courtesy of: Dr. Joel Bañez, Section of Dermatology, UERMMH
Ingredients:
1. White
candlesticks (4)
2. Coconut oil or any cooking oil: 500 cc
3. Kakawati leaves 250 g
Instructions:
1. Clean kakawati leaves thoroughly
2. Chop leaves finely
3. Add 250 g (approximately 1 glass) of finely chopped leaves into 2 glasses of coconut oil.
4. Mix while boiling.
5. Gather leaves on the surface of the oil, then drain using a strainer.
6. Get 4 white candles ('esperma") and chop finely.
7. Add to the boiled preparation and mix until all chopped candles are melted.
8. Again, using a strainer, drain and transfer mixture into a clean glass container. Let it cool.

Toxicity
Tannins: In South America, in times of scarcity, the forage is fed to livestock. Although goats can consume large quantities of plants with tannins, some animals, like cattle and sheep may not tolerate it due to a salivary protein binding factor that binds the tannins.

Availability
Wild-crafted. 

Updated Nov 2018 / Aug 2017 / Feb 2016

Photos © Godofredo Stuart / StuartXchange
OTHER IMAGE SOURCE: /Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Kunth ex Walp. - quickstick GLSE2 /Steve Hurst @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database / USDA

Additional Sources and Suggested Readings
(1)
Gliricidium sepium leaf extract: A potential antipseudomonas drug / Ma. L. Capinpin , MD , J. Sy, MD, R. Torres, MD, U. Bigol, MD, C. Lapaz, MD / University of Sto. Tomas Hospital
(2)
Clinical Trial on the Effectiveness of Gliricidia sepium (Kakawati) in Treating Patients with Scabies / Joel A. Bañez MD, Rowena Nazareno MD, Ruth Medel MD / Phil J Microbiol Infect Dis, 1999; 28(4): pp 147-153
(3)
Screening for antimicrobial activity of ten medicinal plants used in Colombian folkloric medicine: a possible alternative in the treatment of non-nosocomial infections / Jhon J Rojas, Veronica J Ochoa, Saul A Ocampo et al / BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2006, 6:2doi:10.1186/1472-6882-6-2
(4)
Medicinal Plants for Livestock / Cornell University, Dept of Animal Science
(5)
New constituents from Gliricidia sepium / H M T B Herath and Susila de Silva / Fitoterapia / Volume 71, Issue 6, December 2000, Pages 722-724 / doi:10.1016/S0367-326X(00)00219-7
(6)
Saponins from Gliricidia sepium / Kojima, K (K); Zhu, X B (XB); Ogihara, Y (Y) / Phytochemistry / 1998-Jul; vol 48 (issue 5) : pp 885-8
(7)
INSECTICIDAL, NEMATICIDAL AND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITIES OF GLIRICIDIA SEPIUM / RAHILA NAZLI et al / Pak. J. Bot., 40(6): 2625-2629, 2008 /
(8)
Antimicrobial study of bark from five tree species / Salud Pérez G et al / Phytotherapy Research / Volume 15 Issue 4, Pages 356 - 359
(9)
Gliricidia sepium (gliricidia) / Species Profiles for Pacific Island Agroforestry / Craig R Elevitch and John K Francis /
(10)
A STUDY ON THE EFFICACY OF GLIRICIDIA SEPIUM (MADRE DE CACAO) DECOCTION ON THE TREATMENT OF SCABIES AMONG SELECTED RESIDENTS OF TITAY, ZAMBOANGA SIBUGAY / ARJAY A. LAO / Research Catalogue by Genner R Cerna

(11)
Studies on the constituents of Gliricidia sepium (Leguminosae) leaves and roots: isolation and structure elucidation of new triterpenoid saponins and aromatic compounds. / Rastrelli L, Caceres A, De Simone F, Aquino R. / J Agric Food Chem. 1999 Apr;47(4):1537-40.
(12)
ANTIMICROBIAL PROPERTY OF GLIRICIDIA SEPIUM PLANT EXTRACT / Rahila Nazli, Tehmina Sohail, Bushra Nawab and Zahra Yaqeen* / Pakistan J. Agric. Res. Vol 24 No.1-4, 2011.
(13)
EVALUATION OF ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF THE BARK, FLOWER AND LEAF EXTRACTS OF
GLIRICIDIA SEPIUM FROM SOUTH INDIA
/ L. JOJI REDDY1 AND BEENA JOSE* / International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Research, Vol 2, Issue 3, 2010
(14)
Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Kunth ex Walp. (accepted name) / Chinese name / Catalogue of Life, China
(15)
Gliricidia sepium as dry season feed for goat production in Nigeria / C.F.I. Onwuka / FAO Corporate Document Repository
(16)
Toxicity of ethanolic extracts from Lippia origanoides and Gliricidia sepium to Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval) (Acari: Tetranychidae) / A Sivira; ME Sanabria; N Valera; C Vásquez / Neotrop. entomol. vol.40 no.3 Londrina May/June 2011 / http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-566X2011000300011
(17)
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF THE VOLATILE OIL FROM THE BARK OF GLIRICIDIA SEPIUM L. / JOJI REDDY AND BEENA JOSE* / International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vol 2, Issue 3, 2010
(18)
Gliricidia sepium as dry season feed for goat production in Nigeria / C.F.I. Onwuka / Department of Agriculture, University of Cross River State, Uyo. C.R.S. Nigeria
(19)
PHYTOCHEMICAL PROFILES AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES OF THE LEAF EXTRACTS OF GLIRICIDIA SEPIUM / Sankar Narayan Sinha / International Journal of Innovations in Bio-Sciences ISSN 2277-2367 Vol. 3 (3), 2013 pp. 87-91
(20)
LARVICIDAL EFFECT OF MADRE DE CACAO (GLIRICIDIA SEPIUM) LEAF EXTRACT ON HOUSEHOLD MOSQUITO (CULEX PIPIENS) / MA. CHZARMYN T. ANTONIO, AINA RIE M. ANTOY, AND JANCES M. LUMOGDA
(21)
MECHANISM OF RODENTICIDAL ACTIVITY OF GLIRICIDIA SEPIUM. / Hochman,Harry / NAVAL CIVIL ENGINEERING LAB PORT HUENEME CALIF, Apr 1966
(22)
Blog: Washing Your Dog with Boiled Madre de Cacao Leaves
(23)
MEDICINAL PROPERTIES OF Gliricidia sepium: A REVIEW / T.Jasmine, R.Meenakshi Sundaram, M.Poojitha, G.Swarnalatha, J.Padmaja, M.Rupesh kumar, K.Bhaskar Reddy / International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical & Clinical Research, 2017; 7(1): pp 35-39
(24)
Gliricidia sepium Aqueous Leaf Extract Possesses Antisickling Property
/ T.  Oduola, M. K. Dallatu, A. O. Muhammed, M. A. Ndakotsu, I. M. Adebisi and S. W. Hassan / International Blood Research & Reviews, Vol 5, Issue 3 / DOI : 10.9734/IBRR/2016/25181
(25)
The Wound Healing Action of Kakawati Gel from Gliricidia sepium (Jacques) Steudel (Family Fabaceae) / Rogie Royce Carandang, Kristal Cielo Buemio, Adelaine Lopez / International Journal of Pharmacy Teaching & Practices, 2015, 6(4): pp 2642-2649.
(26)
Antibacterial and Ftir Spectral Analysis of Methanolic Extract of Gliricidia sepium Leaves
/ M. K. Oladunmoye, K. J. Ayantola, A. A. Agboola, B. M. Olowe and O. G. Adefemi / Journal of Advances in Microbiology, 2018; 9(4): pp 1-10
(27)
Larvicidal Activity of Gliricidia sepium Against Mosquito Larvae of Anopheles stephansi, Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus / Nirmal Sharma, J D Qadry, B Subramanium, T Verghewe, S J Rahman, S K Sharma et al / Pharmaceutical Biology, 1998; 36(1) / https://doi.org/10.1076/phbi.36.1.3.4616
(28)
Glyricidia sepium / WorldAgroForestry
(29)
Leaf and flower essential oil compositions of Gliricidia sepium (Fabaceae) from Costa Rica
/ Carlos Chaverri, José F. Cicció / American Journal of Essential Oils and Natural Products, 2015; 2 (3): pp 18-23
(30)
Phytosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticle Using Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) / Raul Rajesh, Lakkakula Jaya R, Kolekar Niranjan S, Mendhulkar Vijay D, Kashid Sahebrao B / Current Nanoscience, 2009; 5(1) / DOI : 10.2174/157341309787314674
(31)
Evaluation of In vitro and In vivo Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Aqueous Extract of Gliricidia sepium Flowers in Rats / Kola Phani Kumar, Vadite Siva Naik, V.Bhuvan Chandra, R. Lavanya, K. Narendra Kumar, V. Bhagyasree, B. Soumya , Lakshmi Sudeepthi N / International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Research, 2014; 6(3): pp 477-481
(32)
The Effect of Gliricidia Sepium (Kakawate) Leaves Juice on the Scabies Infections among selected School-age children in Barangay Paknaan, Mandaue City: Basis for Information Dessimination / Luigi C Lim, Richard V Lipat, Irish Camille T Limpio et al / Thesis/Dissertations : March 2009
(33)
WOOD OF GLIRICIDIA SEPIUM AS A POTENTIAL SOURCE OF DIETARY FIBER
/ A. A. ABDULRAHAMAN, O. O. BAMIDELE and F. A. OLADELE / Arch. Biol. Sci., Belgrade, 2013; 65(3): pp 1105-1112 / DOI:10.2298/ABS1303105A
(34)
Isolation and characterisation of mosquitolarvicidal compound from Gliricidia sepiumJacq. / Jiji Thomas, Shonima Govindan M, Muraleedhara Kurup G / International Journal of Pharma Research and Health Sciences, 2014; 2(2): pp 173-178
(35)
Smoke Repellent Action of Eicosatrienoic Acid from Gliricidia Sepium against Filarial Vector Mosquitoes / Jiji Thomas, Shonima Govindan M, Muraleedhara Kurup G / International Journal of Research Studies in Biosciences (IJRSB), April 2014; Volume 2, Issue 3: pp 14-20
(36)
Natural Pesticide with Gliricidia Leaves (CEPAD.Nicaragua) Part 2 / YouTube
(37)
How to make glory cedar (Gliricidia sepium) leaf water? / YouTube

It is not uncommon for links on studies/sources to change. Copying and pasting the information on the search window or using the DOI (if available) will often redirect to the new link page.

HOME      •      SEARCH      •      EMAIL    •     ABOUT