HOME      •      SEARCH      •      EMAIL    •     ABOUT


Family Apocynaceae
Kalachuchi
Plumeria rubra L.
TEMPLE FLOWER / FRANGIPANI
Da ji hua

Scientific names Common names
Plumeria acuminata W.T.Aiton Kachuchi (C. Bis.)
Plumeria acutifolia Poir. Kalachuche (Tag., Bik.) 
Plumeria angustifolia A.DC. Kalasusi (Tag.) 
Plumeria arborea Noronha Kalatsutsi (Tag.) 
Plumeria arborescens G.Don. Kalanuche (Ilk.) 
Plumeria aurantia Endl. Kalonoche (Ilk.) 
Plumeria carinata Ruiz & Pav. Karachucha (Tag.) 
Plumeria incarnata Mill. Karatuche (Tag.)  
Plumeria Kerrii G.Don Common frangipani (Engl.) 
Plumeria loranthifolia Müll.Arg. Pagoda tree (Engl.)
Plumeria lutea Ruiz & Pav. Red plumeria (Engl.)
Plumeria macrophylla Lodd. ex G.Don. Temple flower (Engl.) 
Plumeria mollis Kunth  
Plumeria purpurea Ruiz & Pav.  
Plumeria rubra L.  
Plumeria tenuifolia Lodd. ex G.Don  
Plumeria tricolor Ruiz & Pav.  
Plumeria acuminata W.T.Aiton is a synonym of Plumeria rubra L. The Plant List
Plumeria rubra L. is an accepted name. The Plant List

Other vernacular names
ARABIC: Yasmin hindi.
BENGALI: Gorur champa, Dalan phul
CHINESE: Dan ji hua, Ya jiao mu, Hong ji dan hua, Mian zhi zi.
GUJARATI: Rhada champa.
HINDI: Golainchi.
INDIA: Pandhra chapha, Perungalli (Tamil).
LAOS: Dak lampa.
MAYALALAM: Velachampakan.
MARATHI: Sonachampa.
MEXICO: Flor de Mayo, Cacaloxochitl.
ORIYA: Kat champa.
SANSKRIT: Kshira champa.

Gen info
- Revised taxonomy: The genus Plumeria of the Apocynaceae family was revised to contain P. rubra, P. obtusa, and their hybrids. Plumeria acuminata, P. acutifolia, and P. lutea, previously species names, are now recognized as botanical forms of P. rubra. (29)
- Study reports on the key to 40 major plumeria cultivars grown in Hawai'i, which is based on the most prominent color in the petal: reds, pinks, yellows, white, and blends.       (29)
- Etymology: The genus name is in honor of 17th-century French botanist and Catholic monk, Charles Plumier. The common name "Frangipani" derives from the 16th-century marquis of an Italian noble family who claimed to have invented a plumeria-scented perfume, although it was a synthetic perfume resembling the odor of fragrant flowers.(26)
- In some parts of South East Asia, the tree and flower are considered sacred. Balinese Hindus use the flowers as temple offerings. (26)
- The two Plumeria species in this compilation are Plumeria rubra (P. acuminata, P. acutifolia, Kalachuchi) and P. obtusa (white kalachuchi, Kalatsutsing-puti). P. obtusa leaves are pointed and oval, up to 18 centimeters long, with tubular flowers. P. rubra produce fragrant flowers with five spreading petals, yellow to pink, with oval or lance-shaped leaves 20 to 30 centimeters long.
- The frangipani is the national tree of Laos, called dak lampa, and where it is regarded as a sacred tree. It is also the national flower of Nicaragua.

Botany
Kalachuche is a small, deciduous tree, 3 to 7 meters high, with a crooked trunk, smooth and shining stems, succulent, with abundant sticky, milky latex. Bark has a smooth, papery outer layer which is grey, shining, and constantly exfoliating in small flakes. Wood is yellowish-white and soft. Branches are thick, fleshy, swollen and leafy at the tips. Leaves are crowded at the terminal end of the branch, commonly oblong in shape, 20 to 40 centimeters long, 7 centimeters wide, spirally arranged at the ends of the branches. Flowers are numerous, fragrant and large, the upper portion whitish, while the inner lower portion yellow, 5 to 6 centimeters long. Fruits are linear-oblong or ellipsoid follicles, with a pointed tip, 15 to 20 centimeters long, 1.5 to 2 centimeters in diameters. Seeds are numerous and winged.

Distribution
- Usually cultivated for ornamental purposes.
- Nowhere established.
- Introduced from Mexico by the Spaniards.
- Now pantropic.

Constituents
- Flowers suppose to be source of perfume known as "Frangipani."
- Bark contains a bitter glucoside, plumierid (2%).
- Latex contains resins, caoutchouc and calcium salts of plumieric acid: cerotinic acid and lupeol.
- Leaves contain a volatile oil.
- Phytochemical screening of methanol extract yielded steroids, flavanoids, tannins, alkaloids, and glycosides.
- Powdered leaf yielded alkaloids, cyanogenic glycosides, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins, and saponins.
- Preliminary phytochemical screening of chloroform (C), petroleum ether (PE) and methanol (M) extracts of flowers yielded tannin (M), carbohydrate (PE), steroid (PE, M), glycoside (C, PE, M) and flavonoid (M), with absence of gum, protein, and alkaloid. (
32)
- GC and GC-MS study evaluated flowers for volatile constituents. Altogether 31 constituents, representing 94.0% of flower essential oil and 89.2% of steam volatile extract were identified. Major classes of constituents were benzyl esters (49.0%, 41.4%), aliphatic alkanes (25.8%, 7.2%), oxygenated monoterpenes (0.1%, 27.1%), oxygenated sesquiterpenes (9.5%, 8.8%), and diterpene (9.4%, 0.2%). Major constituents were benzyl salicylate, benzyl benzoate, geraniol, (E,E)-geranyl linalool, tricosane, linalool, nonadecane, (E)-nerolidol, and pentacosane. (
34)
- Study of ethyl acetate extract of leaves and bark
yielded tannins, alkaloids, balsam, cardiac glycosides, phenols, terpenes, and steroids, with absence of flavonoids, saponins and resins. (see study below)
(36)
- Study of dichloromethane extract of white flowers of P. rubra yielded a mixture of lupeol (1),
α-amyrin (2) and ß-amyrin (3) in about 8:2:1 ratio. (37)
- Phytochemical investigation on the leaves of Plumeria acutifolia Poir. isolated three triterpenes (lupeol, uvaol and ursolic acid), one iridoid (15-demethylplumieride) [1], and a new alkaloid (1) with an iridoid-like skeleton for which the name plumerianine was adopted.
(44)
- Phytochemical analysis of latex yielded alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, tannins, terpenoids, and glycosides, with absence of saponins and steroids.
(45)

Properties
- Tree latex is irritating to the skin.
- Seeds considered hemostatic.
- Plumeria flowers are most fragrant at night to lure sphinx moths to pollinate them. (However, the plant yields no nectar.) (
26)
- Considered anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, diuretic, emmenagogue, febrifuge, purgative, rubefacient.

Toxicity concerns and side effects
- The milky sap can be a skin irritant, causing rashes or blistering.
- Ingestion of the sap or bark can cause vomiting and diarrhea.
-
While some blogs report edibility of flowers, some advise caution and concern. (see edibility below)

Parts utilized
Bark, leaves and flowers.

Uses
Edibility
· Caution / Toxicity: While some blogs have reported Plumeria flowers to be edible (eaten raw in salads or steep in tea), many advise against ingestion. All parts are considered toxic. The sap can cause a rash in sensitive people. The alkaloid content makes the plant extremely bitter, Ingestion may cause stomach pains and cramping. (30)
Folkloric
· Decoction of bark is used as purgative, emmenagogue, and febrifuge. Latex is similarly employed.
· Preventive for heat stroke: the material may be taken as a cooling tea.
· Root-bark taken internally as a strong purgative.
· Root bark and fruit used as abortifacient.
· Root bark used as remedy for gonorrhea and venereal sores.
· Bark decoction used as antiherpetic.
· Used in treatment of ulcers, herpes, scabies.
· Bruised bark use as plaster over hard tumors.
· Bark latex mixed with coconut oil used for itching.
· In India, bark used as purgative. Bark also used as application for abscesses.
· In Java and Madera, bark decoction used for gonorrhea, dropsy, and dysuria due to venereal disease.
· In Yucatan, latex is used for toothache.
· In Persia, bark is employed against blenorrhagia.
· In Cameroon, used for anemia.
· For dysentery, diarrhea during summer season: use 12 to 24 gms of dried material in decoction.
· Arthritis, rheumatism, pruritic skin lesions: Mix the latex (sap) with coconut oil, warm, and apply to affected area.
· Decoction of the bark is used as a counterirritant on the gums for toothache.
· The latex mixed with coconut oil is used for itching.
· The juice is rubefacient in rheumatic pains, and with camphor, is also used for itching.
· A poultice of heated leaves is beneficial for swellings.
· Decoction of leaves for cracks and eruptions of the soles of the feet.
· Infusion or extract from leaves is used for asthma. Leaves also used as cigarettes to inhale in asthma.
· In Puerto Rico, in emulsion, the milk produces abundant, bilious, watery stools.
· In Mexico, decoction of flowers used in diabetes.
- In the Caribbean, leaves are used as poultice as healing wraps for bruises and ulcers. Latex used as liniment for rheumatism. (28)
· The Aztecs used P. rubra for treating wounds. It is now used by the Amatian to treat discolorations on the skin due to sun exposure. (
41)
· In Mexican traditional medicine, used for treatment of gonorrhea, warts and minor wounds. (
42)
Others
· Decorative:
In some Pacific Islands, such as Tahiti, Fiji, Hawaii, Samoa, New Zealand, plumeria flowers used for making leis.
· Oils / Perfumery: Essential oil used as ingredient in cosmetics, candles, potpourri, massage oils, and aromatherapy.
· Social indicator:
In modern Polynesian culture, women use the frangipani as social indicator: over the right ear signals seeking of a relationship, and over the left if taken. (28)
· Rituals:
In Sri Lankan tradition, Plumeria is associated with worship: One of the heavenly damsels in the frescoes of 5th century rock fortress Sigiriya holds a 5-petalled flower, likely plumeria. In India, the flowers are found in many temples and used in wedding rituals.


Studies
Cytotoxic / Antitumor:
In Indonesia, six cytotoxic constituents were isolated from the bark of P rubra. The substances demonstrated cytotoxic activity with panel of murine lymphocytic leukemia cell lines and a number of human cancer cell-types (breast, colon, fibrosarcoma, lung, melanoma, KB). (1)
Cytotoxic / Antibacterial / Molluscicidal: From the heartwood, study yielded plumericin and isoplumericin which molluscicidal, cytotoxic and antibacterial activity.
Antibacterial: Plumeria rubra was one 41 plants extracts from 18 species that showed antibacterial activity. (3)
Essential Oils : Comparative study of the essential oils of genus Plumeria Linn. from Malaysia showed the oil of P. acuminata (white flower) was predominantly of benzyl salicylate, benzyl benzoate, trans-nerolidol, neryl phenylacetate and linanlool. (4)
Phytochemical / Antimicrobial: Study yielded the presence of tannins, phlobatannins, saponins, flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids, cardiac glycosides and reducing sugar from the crude extract. The antibacterial assay showed the methanol extract to inhibit growth of 14 indicator bacteria. The extract of the flower was more active against B cereus. (5)
Antioxidant / Hypolipidemic: Study of a flavone glycoside isolated from P rubra
produced a significant reduction of serum triglycerides in alloxan-induced hyperglycemic rats. Antioxidant activity was confirmed through in vitro studies. (7)
Antioxidant / Free Radical Scavenging Activity: A methanol extract showed dose-dependent antioxidant activity using a DPPH radical, superoxide anion radical and hydroxyl radical scavenging assays.
(16)
Antimutagenic: Study of ethanol extract of green leaves yielded 4 isolates; three were elucidated a stigmast-7-enol, lupeol carboxylic acid, and ursolic acid. A1 reduced the number of MPCE induced by mutagen, mitomycin C. (9)
Antimycotic: Study evaluated the antimycotic activity of four medicinal plant extracts: kalachuchi bark (P. acuminata), atsuete bark (Bixa orellana), akapulko leaves (C. alata), and neem leaves (A. indica) compared to standard clotrimazole treatment of otomycosis. Of the four, only kalachuchi bark extract exhibited antifungal activity against Aspergillus and Aspergillus niger. (13)
Antifungal / Otomycosis: Study evaluated a kalachuchi ointment made from a bark extract on patients diagnosed clinically and microbiologically to have otomycosis. Results showed Kalachuchi extract ointment may be a promising antifungal ointment. Cure rate was 75% compared to 87.5% for clotrimazole cream. (14)
Antipyretic / Antinociceptive / Leaves: Study of a methanol extract of P. acuminata leaves in several experimental models showed the antipyretic and antinociceptive activity. Results were attributed to phytoconstituents isolated on preliminary screening: alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, terpenes, and steroids. (15)
Antitumor / Antioxidant: Study evaluated the antitumor and antioxidant properties of P. acuminata crude methanol extract of leaves against Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma (EAC) bearing Swiss albino mice. Results showed an antitumor effect through modulation of lipid peroxidation and augmentation of antioxidant defense system. (18)
Anti-Inflammatory / Leaves: A methanol extract of P. acuminata exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity on acute and chronic experimental animal models. The effect was comparable to that of indomethacin, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent. (17)
Comparative Phytochemicals / Flowers of P. alba and P. rubra: Study of flower extracts yielded steroid, flavonoid, and alkaloid in P. alba and tannin, carbohydrate, glycosides, steroids and flavonoid in the flowers of P. rubra. (19)
Antimutagens / Leaves: Study of ethanol extract of green leaves yielded three antimutagens viz. stigmast-7-enol, ursolic acid and lupeol carboxylic acid. The mechanism of action was proposed as a reaction of the oxygen of the hydroxyl group with the C-10 of Mitomycin C to form mono-or difunctional adducts. In addition, changes in membrane permeability which could prevent Mitomycin C from entering into the cell and reacting with the DNA. (20)
Anticancer / Saponins: Study investigated the cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of saponins from Plumeria acuminata Ait on oral squamous carcinoma cells. Results showed cytotoxic and apoptotic effects with a potential as anticancer agent for OSCC. (21)
Plumerin R / Anti-Inflammatory and Wound Healing: Study investigated the anti-inflammatory and wound healing activities of the protease, Plumerin R, isolated from the latex of P. rubra Linn. Results showed anti-inflammatory activity by reduction in carrageenan-induced paw edema. Plumerin-R showed significant (p<0.05) wound healing closure and epithelization time compared with control. (23)
Hepatoprotective / Seeds: Study of methanol extract of C. maxima and L. siceraria seeds against paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity showed significant hepatoprotective activity. (25)
• Herbal Soap Formulation / Adjunct in Treatment of Common Bacterial Skin Infection: A randomized controlled trial of 50 patients in an ER and OPD setting evaluated the efficacy of a herbal soap formulation consisting of Gliciridia septum (Madre de cacao), Plumeria acuminata (kalachuchi) with VCO as an adjunct to Cephalexin in the treatment of common bacterial skin infections in children. Wilconxon rank-sum test showed that patients treated with the Cephalexin and the herbal soap had faster healing of the skin lesions with significantly higher PGA (p<0.0003/day 3, p<0.0001/day 7) compared to with group treated with Cephalexin and hypoallergenic soap. Activity was attributed to herbal soap constituents with antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and moisturizing properties. (26)
• Gastroprotective / Latex Proteins: Study evaluated the gastroprotective potential of a protein fraction isolated from the latex of P. rubra (PrLP) against ethanol-induced gastric lesions. Pretreatment with PrLP prevented ethanol-induced gastric lesions in mice after single IV administration. Mechanism was associated with the involvement of prostaglandins and balance of oxidant/antioxidant factors. Also, the NO/cGMP/KATP pathways and activation of capsaicin-sensitive primary afferents were part of the mechanism of activity. (
31)
• Anxiolytic / Flowers: Study of an ethanolic extract of P. rubra and butanolic fraction using elevated plus model of anxiety showed significant anxiolytic potential (Chatterjee M Verma, R Lakshmi et al, 2012). (
33)
• Hypothermic / Bark: Study of evaluated a methanolic extract of bark for antipyretic activity using typhoid vaccine (TAB( and Prostaglandin E (PGE1) induced pyrexia in rabbits. Results showed significant reduction in body temperature. The hypothermic activity was comparable to paracetamol (TAB) and aspirin (PGE1). (
35)
• Antimicrobial / Leaves and Stem Bark: Study evaluated ethyl acetate extracts of leaves and bark for antifungal and antibacterial activity. Results showed broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity against gram positive and gram negative bacteria, more pronounced with the latter especially Proteus mirabilis. The extract was also effective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa which is usually resistant to most antimicrobial agents. Extracts were also effective against fungi Candida albicans. (see constituents above) (
36)
• Antinociceptive / Anti-Inflammatory / Bark: Study evaluated the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of ethanolic bark extract on experimental models in Swiss albino mice. .Analgesic activity was tested using of hot plate, acetic acid induced writhing and formalin induced writhing methods, while anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using carrageenan induced rat paw edema method. Results showed highly significant (p<0.001) dose-dependent analgesic activity. Extract also significantly (p<0.001) inhibited inflammatory response induced by carrageenan in a dose-dependent manner. The central and peripheral analgesic activity and anti-inflammatory activity was attributed to the presence of tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids, or terpenoids. (
38)
• Antidiabetic: Study evaluated the antidiabetic activity of aqueous extract o P. rubra in alloxan induced diabetic model in experimental animals. Results showed significant reduction (p<0.001) in fasting blood glucose levels in normal and alloxan induced diabetic mice, with significant differences in serum lipid profiles and glycosylated hemoglobin, along with histopathological evidence of reduced injuries on pancreas, liver and kidney. (
39)
• Antioxidant / Hypolipidemic / No Cytotoxicity on Colon Cancer Cell Line / Flowers: Study evaluated methanolic flower extracts of Plumeria rubra and P. alba for in-vitro antioxidant potential, cytotoxicity, and hypolipidemic activities. P. rubra showed 72% DPPH inhibition, with total phenolic content of 167.3 µg/ml, with significant free radical scavenging activity of 1.67 mg/ml. P. rubra showed highest hypolipidemic activity (60%) in the anti-cholesterol assay. in the MTT assay using HCT-116 cells lines, P. rubra failed to control the proliferation of colon cancer cells. (
40)
• Silver Nanoparticles / Antimicrobial / Flowers: Study reports on the simplified and efficient green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using P. rubra flower extract. The biosynthesized AgNPs showed broad spectrum antimicrobial activity with effective inhibitory activity against E. coli and Bacillus sp. (
43)
• Antiulcer / Leaves: Study evaluated the antiulcer activity of ethanol and chloroform extracts of P. rubra leaves in pylorus ligated and ethanol induced ulceration in albino rats. Results showed significant antiulcer activity in parameters of gastric volume, pH, total acidity, free acidity, protein assay, mucin assay, antioxidant estimation and ulcer index. (
46)

Superstition
- In some regions, it is not planted in the immediate vicinity of habitation, believed to cause difficulties with personal relationships and separations.
- Also, a commonly planted in cemeteries; often associated with ghosts and graveyard stories.
- The plumeria's fragrance is associated with the kuntilanak. an evil vampiric spirit of a dead mother in Malaysian-Indonesian folklore. (26)


Availability
- Wild-crafted.
- Cultivated for ornamental use.
 
- Plants, oil, extracts, seeds, cuttings and graftings in the cybermarket.

Updated August 2020 / October 2015

                                                   PHOTOS / ILLUSTRATIONS
IMAGE SOURCE: Photograph / Plumeria rubra / Atamari / click on image to go to source page / CC by SA 3.0 / Wikimedia
OTHER IMAGE SOURCE: Photograph / Plumeria rubra 'Pink Parfait / click on image to go to source page / © Mybageecha
OTHER IMAGE SOURCE: Photograph / Plumeria rubra - Frangipani / click on image to go to source page / © Hawaiian Plants and Tropical Flowers

Additional Sources and Suggested Readings
(1)
Cytotoxic constituents of the bark of Plumeria rubra collected in Indonesia / Leonardus B. S. Kardono, Soefjan Tsauri, Kosasih Padmawinata, John M. Pezzuto, A. Douglas Kinghorn / J. Nat. Prod., 1990, 53 (6), pp 1447–1455 / DOI: 10.1021/np50072a008
(2)
Traditional medicinal plants of Thailand. XVII. Biologically active constituents of Plumeria rubra./ J Ethnopharmacol 1991 Jul;33(3):289-92
(3)
Plants possessing antibacterial activity / Myanmar Health Sciences Research Journal / Mar Mar Nyein, Nwe Yee Win, Win Myint, Aye Aye Thein, Mi Mi Htwe, Win Win Maw, Aye Than

(4)
A comparative study of the essential oils of the genus Plumeria Linn. from Malaysia / Norsita Tohar, Mustafa A. Mohd et al / Flavour and Fragrance Journal, Volume 21 Issue 6, Pages 859 - 863
(5)
Screening for Anti-Microbial Activity and Phytochemical Constituents of Some Nigerian Medicinal Plants / Advances in Biological Research 1 (5-6): 155-158, 2007.
(6)
Studies on Hypoglycemic Activity of Mexican Medicinal Plants / Proc. West. Pharmacol. Soc. 45: 118-124 (2002)

(7)
Antioxidant and Hypolipidemic Effect of Plumeria Rubra L. in Alloxan Induced Hyperglycemic Rats / A John Merina et al / E-Journal of Chemistry, 2010, 7(1), 1-5
(8)
Plumeria acuminata / Catalogue of Life, China 2010
(9)
Antimutagens from Plumeria acuminata Ait. / Guevara AP, Amor E, Russell G. / Mutat Res. 1996 Dec 12;361(2-3):67-72.
(11)
Plumeria acuminata / Common names / Zipcodezoo
(12)
REVIEW ON PLUMERIA ACUMINATA / Ashraf MD Farooque, Mazumder A, Shambhawee S and Mazumder R / INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PHARMACY AND CHEMISTRY
(13)
In Vitro Antimycotic Activity of Four Medicinal Plants Versus Clotrimazole in the Treatment of Otomycosis: A Preliminary Study / Joebert M.Villanueva, MD Marida Arend V. Arugay, MD Rachel Zita H. Ramos, MD / Philippine Journal of otolaryngology-head and neck Surgery Vol. 23 no. 1 January – June 2008
(14)
A Preliminary Study on the Efficacy of Plumeria acuminata (Kalachuchi) Bark Extract Ointment Versus Clotrimazole Cream in the Treatment of Otomycosis / Rhoda Mae Boncalon MD, Marida Arugay MD, Rachel Ramos MD / PhiliPPine Journal of otolaryngology-head and neck Surgery Vol. 24 no. 1 January – June 2009
(15)
Evaluation of Antipyretic and Antinociceptive Activities of Plumeria acuminata Leaves / M. Gupta, U.K. Mazumder and P. Gomathi / Journal of Medical Sciences, 2007, Vol 7, No 5, pp 835-839 / DOI: 10.3923/jms.2007.835.839
(16)
Evaluation of Antioxidant and Free Radical Scavenging Activities of Plumeria acuminata Leaves
/
M. Gupta, U.K. Mazumder and P. Gomath / Journal of Biological Sciences, 2007, 7: 1361-1367. / DOI: 10.3923/jbs.2007.1361.1367
(17)
Antiinflammatory evaluation of leaves of Plumeria acuminata / M Gupta, UK Mazumder, P Gomathi and V Thamil Selvan / BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2006, 6:36 doi:10.1186/1472-6882-6-36
(18)
Antioxidant and Antitumor Activity of Plumeria acuminata in Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma Bearing Swiss Albino Mice / Gomathi Periyasamy*, Malaya Gupta, Upal Kanti Mazumder, Mebrahtom Gebrelibanos and Biruk Sintayehu / British Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, ISSN: 2231-2919,Vol.: 3, Issue.: 4 (October-December)
(19)
COMPARATIVE PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING OF FLOWERS OF PLUMERIA ALBA AND PLUMERIA RUBRA / ZAHID ZAHEER, AJINKYA G KONALE, KHUMAN A PATEL, SUBUR KHAN, RANA. Z. AHMED / Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research Vol. 3, Issue 4, 2010
(20)
Mechanism of action of antimutagens from Plumeria acuminata Ait. / Guevarra, A.P., Cancio, E.O., Manatad, A.G. / AGRIS (International Information System for the Agricultural Science and Technology).
(21)
Plumeria rubra / Synonyms / The Plant List
(22)
Saponins from Plumeria acuminata Ait Induce Cell Growth Inhibition and Apoptosis of Oral Squamous Carcinoma cells / Hendri Susanto, Nanang Fakhrudin, Tusi Bayu Murti, Supriatno, Widowati Siswomiharjo / The Chinese Journal of Dental Research, Volume 13, Number 2, 2010
(23)
A Protease Isolated from the Latex of Plumeria rubra Linn (Apocynaceae) 2: Anti-inflammatory and Wound- Healing Activities / Indranil Chanda*, Usha Sarma, Sanat K Basu, Mangala Lahkar and Sadhan K Dutta / Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research December 2011; 10 (6): 755-760 / http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/tjpr.v10i6.8
(24)
Anti-tumor promoting activity of decoctions and expressed juices from Philippine medicinal plants. / Serrame, E.; Lim-Sylianco, C. Y. / Philippine Journal of Science 1995 Vol. 124 No. 3 pp. 275-281 /
(25)
HEPATOPROTECTIVE EFFECT OF METHANOLIC EXTRACT OF CUCURBITA MAXIMA AND LEGENARIA SICERARIA SEEDS / Jain Nidhi and AK. Pathak / IJPCBS 2012, 2(2), 151-154
(26)
(27)
Plumeria / Wikipedia
(28)
About Frangipanis / AllThingsFrangipani
(29)
Plumeria in Hawai'i / Revision of taxonomy / Richard A Criley: College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources
(30)
Poisonous Plants: Plumeria rubra / USDA.gov
(31)
The Preventive Effect on Ethanol-Induced Gastric Lesions of the Medicinal Plant Plumeria rubra: Involvement of the Latex Proteins in the NO/cGMP/KATP Signaling Pathway / Nylane Maria Nunex de Alencar, Rachel Sindeaux Paiva Pinheiro, Ingrid Samantha Tavares de Figueiredo et al / Evid Based Complement Alternat Med., 2015 / doi: 10.1155/2015/706782 / PMCID: PMC4691623 / PMID: 26788111
(32)
COMPARATIVE PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING OF FLOWERS OF PLUMERIA ALBA  AND PLUMERIA RUBRA / ZAHID ZAHEER, AJINKYA G KONALE, KHUMAN A PATEL, SUBUR KHAN, RANA. Z. AHMED / Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 2010; 3(4)
(33)
Review on traditional medicinal plant: Plumeria rubra / Kalantri Manisha and Aher AN / Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies, 2016; 4(6): pp 204-207
(34)
Chemical Constituents of Floral Volatiles of Plumeria rubra L. from India / Goswami P, Chauhan A, Verma RS and Padalia RC / Medicinal & Aromatic Plants, 2016; S3 / DOI: 10.4172/2167-0412.S3-005
(35)
Study Pertaining to the Hypothermic Activity of Plumeria rubra, Linn in PGE1 and TAB-Vaccine Induced Pyrexia Models in Rabbits / I A Khan, A Aziz, M A Raza, M Saleem, S Bashir, A M Alvi / West Indian Medical Journal, 2015 August 13
(36)
Study on the Phytochemical and Antimicrobial Screening of Ethylacetate Extract of Plumeria Rubra Leaves and Stems Bark / Bawa Emmanuel, Kagoro Mary L and Wapwera Jidimma A / Agricultural Research & Technology, April 2019; 21(4) / ARTOAJ.MS.ID.556170 (2019)
(37)
Triterpenes from Plumeria rubra L. Flowers / Jariel Naomi B Bacar, Maria Carmen S Tan, Chien-Chang Shen, Consolacion Y Ragasa / International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Research, 2017; 9(2): pp 248-252 / DOI number: 10.25258/phyto.v9i2.8071
(38)
Antinociceptive and Anti-inflammatory Activity of the Bark Extract of Plumeria rubra on Laboratory Animals / Banibrata Das, Tarana Ferdous2, Qazi Asif Mahmood, J.M.A. Hannan, Rajib Bhattacharjee and Biplab Kumar Das / European Journal of Medicinal Plants, 2013; 3(1): pp114-126
(39)
Antidiabetic activity of Plumeria rubra L. in normal and alloxan induced diabetic mice / Amruta V Yadav, Vaishall R Undale, Ashok V Bhosale / IJBCP: International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology, 2-16; 5(3) / DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20161540
(40)
Antioxidant, cytotoxic and hypolipidemic activities of Plumeria alba L. and Plumeria rubra L. / Hafizur Rahman, Vijaya Badra Reddy, Soumya Ghosh, Sandeep Kumar Mistry, Geetika Pant1, Sibi G. / American Journal of Life Sciences, 2014; 2(6-1): pp 11-15 / doi: 10.11648/j.ajls.s.2014020601.13
(41)
Traditional Medicine Among the Nahua: Contemporary and Ancient Medicinal Plants / Vania Smith-Oka / FAMSI, 2007
(42)
Plants Used in Mexican Traditional Medicine / Armando Gonzalez Stuart, PhD / UTEP.edu
(43)
Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles by Plumeria rubra Flower Extract: Characterization and Their Antimicrobial Activities / Pinaki Mandal / International Journal of Engineering Science Invention (IJESI), Jan 2018; 7(1): pp 1-6 / ISSN (Online): 2319 – 6734
(44)
Chemical constituents of Plumeria acutifolia leaves / EM Hassan, AA Shahat, NA Ibrahim, S Apers, A Vlietinck, L Pieters / Planta Med 2008; 74 - PB110 / DOI: 10.1055/s-0028-1084455
(45)
Phytochemical analysis of some plant latex / Manoorkar VB and Gachande BD / Int. J. of Life Sciences, 2015; 3(1): pp 108-110 / ISSN: 2320-7817| eISSN: 2320-964X
(46)
DETERMINATION OF ANTIULCER ACTIVITY OF PLUMERIA RUBRA LEAVES EXTRACTS / Misra Vimlesh, Yadav Garima, Uddin Sheikh Mubeen, Srivastava Vivek / International Research Journal of Pharmacy, 2012; 3(9) / ISSN 2230 – 8407

                                                                          DOI
It is not uncommon for links on studies/sources to change. Copying and pasting the information on the search window or using the DOI (if available) will often redirect to the new link page. (Citing and Using a (DOI) Digital Object Identifier)

                                                            List of Understudied Philippine Medicinal Plants

HOME      •      SEARCH      •      EMAIL    •     ABOUT