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Family Convolvulaceae
Kamokamotihan
Ipomoea nil (L.) Roth
IVY-LEAF MORNING GLORY
La ba hua

Scientific names Common names
Convolvuloides triloba Moench Bulakan (Tag.)
Convolvulus caeruleus (Roxb. ex Ker-Gawl.) Kamokamotihan (Tag.)
Convolvulus coelestis G.Forst.  Kaladanae (Hindus.)
Convolvulus dillenii Desr.  Ivy-leaf morning glory (Engl.)
Convolvulus hederaceus Linn.  Japanese morning glory (Engl.)
Convolvulus hederifolius Salisb.  Picotee morning glory (Engl.)
Convolvulus lindleyi Steud.  White-edge morning glory (Engl.)
Convolvulus nil Linn.  
Convolvulus peruvianus Spreng.  
Convolvulus scaber Colla  
Convolvulus setosus Hallier f.  
Convolvulus tomentosus Vell.  
Convolvulus variifolius Steud.  
Ipomoea bicolor Lam.  
Ipomoea caerulea Roxb. ex Ker-Gawl.  
Ipomoea caerulea J.König ex Roxb.  
Ipomoea caerulescens Roxb.  
Ipomoea cuspidata Ruiz & Pav.  
Ipomoea dillenii (Desr.) Roem. & Schult.  
Ipomoea githaginea Hochst. ex A.Rich.  
Ipomoea githaginea var. inaeualis Beck  
Ipomoea hederacea Anon.  
Ipomoea limbata (Lindl.) Voss  
Ipomoea longicuspis Meisn.  
Ipomoea nil (L.) Roth.  
Ipomoea scabra Forssk.  
Ipomoea setosa Blume  
Ipomoea speciosa (Choisy) Voss  
Ipomoea trichocalyx Steud.  
Ipomoea vaniotiana H.Lév.  
Pharbitis albomarginata Lindl. ex Hook.f.  
Pharbitis caerulea (Roxb. ex Ker-Gawl.)  
Pharbitis caerulescens (Roxb.) Sweet  
Pharbitis cuspidata (Ruiz & Pav.) G.Don  
Pharbitis dillenii (Desr.) G.Don  
Pharbitis forsskaolii G.Don  
Pharbitis limbata Lindl.  
Pharbitis nil (L.) Choisy  
Pharbitis purshii G.Don  
Pharbitis scabra (Colla)  
Pharbitis speciosa Choisy  
Kamokamotihan is a common name shared by (1) Ipomoeae hederacea, ivy-leaf morning glory, and (2) Operculina turpethum, turpeth root
Ivy-leaf morning glory is a common names shared by (1) Ipomoea hederacea, and (2) Ipomoea carica
Morning glory is a common names shared by (1) Ipomoea hederacea (2) Ipomoea purpurea (3) Ipomoeae sidaefolia (4) Ipomoea tricolor, and (5) Ipomoeae violacea
Ipomoea nil (L.) Roth is an accepted species. (It has 58 synonyms) KEW: Plants of the World Online

Other vernacular names
BRAZIL: Campainha, Corda-de-viola, Corriola.
CHINESE: La ba hua, Qian hiu hua, qian niu zi.
CUBA: Aguinaldo azul claro.
FRENCH: Liseron fleur bleue, Ipomée du Nil, Etoile du matin.
GERMANY: Blaue prunkwinde.
GUATEMALA: Campanilla, Tumba vaqueros.
JAPAN: Asagao.
MEXICO: Campanita.
MYANMAR: Taung-kazun.
NICARAGUA: Campanita morada, Campanito.
PAKISTANI: Habbun-nil, Kaladana.
PORTUGUESE: Amarra-amarra, Campainha azul, Corda de viola, Corriola, Campainha, Jetirana.
SWEDEN: Kejsarvinda.

 

Gen info
- Ipomoea is the largest genus in the plant family Convolvulaceae with over 600 species, occurring throughout the tropical and subtropical regions of the world, comprising annual and perennial herbaceous plants, lianas, shrubs, and small trees; most of the species are twining climbing plants. (25)
- The genus name Ipomoea derives from Greek ips, ipos meaning 'woodworm' and homoios meaning 'resembling', referring to the twining habit. (25)
- Although not native to Japan, the species is referred to as "Japanese morning" in Japan where morning glories are popular. It is believed to have been introduced from China in the Heian period of the 8th to 9th centuries. Ipomoea nil is known as 'Asagao' in Japan, where it has been cultivated as an ornamental for centuries. The fad for growing potted morning glories has increased into morning glory markets held in large cities in Japan, the largest of which is the Iriya Morning Glory Market called "Iriya Kishibojin" in Iriya, Tokyo, held July 608. (Below is the art work "Morning Glories in Iriya, Eastern Capital" (1866), No 28 of "The Thirty-Six Selected Flower Scenes by Hiroshige II). (29)
- Among Christians, the morning glory flowers depicts the essence and the brevity of life -- its dazzling bloom uncurling before dawn, fading and closing like an little umbrella by mid-day, lasting only a day to be replace by new blossoms the following morning.

Botany
Kamokamotihan is a twining, rather slender, herbaceous, more or less hairy, annual vine reaching a length of several meters. Leaves are prominently 3-lobed, subovate, 8 to 15 centimeters long, heart-shaped at the base. Peduncles are solitary, shorter than the petioles, borne in the axils of leaves, each with 1 to 6 flowers. Calyx is green, very hairy at the base, and about 3 centimeters long. Corolla is pale blue, or the tube white within, turning purplish pink, about 5 centimeters long, with the limb shallowly 5-lobed. The capsules are ovoid, about 1 centimeter diameter, each containing 2 black and smooth seeds.

Distribution
- Introduced to the Philippines.
- Found in Abra, Lepanto, Bontoc, and Rizal Provinces in Luzon, In thickets and waste places at low and medium altitudes.
- Some forms cultivated for their flowers.

- Native of tropical America, but pantropic in distribution.

Constituents
• The active principle is the kalandana resin, called "Pharbitisin" in India. It is considered comparable to the resin of jalap or the convolvulin from Ipomoea purga.
• Phytochemical studies of various fractions yielded reducing sugars, alkaloids, terpenoids, saponins, flavonoids, and tannins.
• Compositional analysis of seeds yielded oil (14.09), fiber (16.55). Major fatty acids were oleic acid and linoleic acid. (11)
• Seeds of Pharbitis nil yielded two new oleanene-type triterpene glycosides, pharbitosides A and B (1 and 2), together with ß-sitosterol, ß-sitosterol glucoside (daucosterol), caffeic acid, and methyl caffeate. (14)
• Study of stem extracts yielded saponins, tannins, alkaloids and flavonoids and cardiac glycosides. Nutrient analysis yielded 1.2% lipids, 30% crude fiber, 7.0% crude protein, 57% carbohydrate, 2% moisture, 2.0% ash content, 0.5% sulphated ash. Non-nutrient analysis yielded 0.0004 mg/100g tannic acid,
0.0021 mg/100g oxalate, 0.0002 mg/100 g cyanogenic glycoside. (15)
• Analysis of seed and seed oil yielded 7.84% oil, 17.31% protein, 2.47& moisture, 1.83 unsaponifiable matter, 187.81 saponification value, 121.33 iodine value, 1.4769 refractive index. (18)
• Fatty acid composition of seed oil yield3ed 2.83% lauric acid, 2.31% myristic acid, 13.47% palmitic acid, 11.39% stearic acid, 23.16% oleic acid, 33.50% linoleic acid, 9.56% linolenic acid, 3.77% arachidic acid, 33.77 saturated fatty acids, 66.22 unsaturated FA, 43.06 polyunsaturated FA, and 1.275 P/S index. (18)
• Percent proximate composition of I. hederacea seeds yielded crude protein 23.36, total lipids 14.09, total carbohydrates 37.06, crude fiber 16.55, moisture 5.29, and ash 3.65. (19)
• Study of seeds for amino acids yielded isoleucine (5.03%), leucine (6.59%), lysine (4.25%), methionine (1.19%), phenylalanine (6.24%), threonine (3.07%), tryptophan (1.88%), valine (7.10%), arginine   (5.50%), histidine (3.55%), alanine (3.09%), aspartic acid (10.82%), cystine (0.90%), glutamic acid (22.71%), glycine (5.36%), proline (4.46%), serine (4.02%), and tyrosine (2.58%). (19)
- Study of seeds of Ipomoea nil isolated one new ent-kauran diterpene, 7ß, 16ß, 17-trihydroxy ent-kauran 19-(6ß)-olide (1), along with eight known compounds. (see study below) (31)

Properties
• Resin has a nauseous and acrid taste with an unpleasant odor, especially when heated.
Seeds considered cathartic, analgesic, antiseptic, anticholinergic, diuretic, laxative, antifungal, anthelmintic.
Studies have shown antioxidant, nematicidal, hepatoprotective, antibacterial, acaricidal, analgesic, cytotoxic, antiasthmatic, antifatigue, anti-inflammatory properties.


Part utilized
Seeds

Uses
Folkloric
- No reported folkloric medicinal use in the Philippines.
- In India, besides the resin, the pharmacopoeia includes an extract, tincture and compound powder.
- Pounded plant used in hair wash for head lice.
- Root decoction used as emmenagogue.
- In many parts of India, roasted seeds are used as purgative; the powdered seeds used for constipation.
- In China, seeds are used as diuretic, antihelmintic, deobstruent; prescribed for constipation and dropsy, also to promote menstruation and as an abortifacient.

- In India, paste of seeds used cosmetically, applied topically for dry skin and to remove freckles. Seeds used for leucoderma and scabies, gout, cephalalgia, hepatopathy, and splenopathy. Seeds rubbed on male genitalia to treat erectile dysfunction. (19)
- In the Orissa district of India, dried, roasted and powdered seeds are applied with water to the scalp for treatment of dandruff, rinsed after 10-15 minutes, repeated three times in a week. (24)
Others
- Superstition: In Nigeria, plant used as a love charm.

Studies
Phytochemicals:
Study isolated five ecdysteroids (hederasterone A, hederasterone A-20,22 monoacetonide and hederasterone B) , two steroidal glycosides, one triterpene and two aromatic acids. One compound showed inhibition of butyrylcholinesterase, another inhibited lypooxygenase. (1)
Hepatoprotective / Antioxidant: Ethanol extract of Ipomoea hederacea was shown to have hepatoprotective and antioxidant potential against carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity in rats. (3)
Study of ethyl acetate extract of seeds in CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity showed significant inhibition of serum marker enzymes comparable with standard silymarin. (13)
Antioxidant: Study of an ethyl acetate fraction yielded the highest phenolic content and highest antioxidant activity compared to other fractions. (5)
Nematicidal: Study evaluated the potential toxicity of selected medicinal plants against juveniles of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne spp and Cephalobus litoralis. Ipomoea hederacea exhibited moderate activity. (6)
Antibacterial: In a study screening the antimicrobial activity of selected flora of Pakistan, Ipomoea heredacea showed highest activity against Bacillus subtilis and highest activity against the fungal strains. (7)
Seeds / Antibacterial: Various seed extracts were studied for antibacterial activity. The methanol extract was found to be more active than other extracts against E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and fungi. Chemical constituents like saponins and alkaloids were probably responsible for the antimicrobial activity of the crude drug. (8)
Toxicity Study/ Analgesic: Mice study evaluating the toxic and non-toxic profile of Ipomoea hederacea showed a starting lethal dose of 300 mg/kg with a calculated LD50 value of 229.2 mg/kg dose. Dose-dependent toxic behavior included convulsion, tremor, unsteady gait, respiratory distress to death. Hot plate analgesic activity exhibited analgesic potential. (9)
Antimicrobial / Seeds: A methanol extract of seed exhibited varying levels of antibacterial activity against E coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Methanol and chloroform extracts showed moderate activity against Alternaria brassica, A. braceacola, and Aspergillus niger fungal strains. (10)
Acaricidal Activity / Seeds: Isolated fraction 8 (methyl linoleate) from seeds showed strong acaricidal activities against adult and egg of Tetranychus cinnabarinus. Results suggest a potential of P. pupurea seeds as new resource of botanical acaricide. (16) Isolated fraction 8 from seeds showed a strong toxic effect on T. cinnabarinus through various degrees of inhibition of AChE, MAO, and ATPase related to nervous system, which can lead to blocking neurotransmission and death of mites. Results suggest potential for development of methyl linoleate as a new pesticide. (17)
• pH Indicator Property / Flowers: Study investigated the indicator property of aqueous extract of flower pigments and compared results with already existing synthetic indicators. Results suggest the flower pigments has potential as substitute to synthetic acid-based indicators. (20)
• Antioxidant / Cytotoxic: Study evaluated successive petroleum ether and methanolic extracts different parts viz., leaves, stems, roots, and whole plant of Ipomoea nil, I. batatas, and I pes-caprae for their antioxidant and cytotoxic activities. The successive methanolic extract of selected Ipomoea plants showed potent ability to scavenge different types of free radicals generated by various in vitro assays. All methanolic extracts and free phenolics showed good cytotoxicity against Hep-2 cells line with CTC50 value in the range of 50-100 µg/mL. (21)
• Ecdysterone / Extraction / Seed: The phytoecdysteroids family is rapidly growing, with recent date showing over 250 ecdysteroid analogs. Plant extracts are a significant source of ecdysteroids for medicinal preparations that can increase the quality of human life. The pulverized seed of Ipomoea hederacea (I. nil) is an indigenous source of ecdysteroid, with a high content of 20E (20-hydroxyecdysone). Although ethyl acetate is not a common solvent for extraction of ecdysteroids, it has the advantage of avoiding the extraction of unwanted material. (22)
• Chalcone Isomerase-Like Protein / Enhancement of Flavonoid Production and Flower Pigmentation: Flavonoids are major pigments in plants, and their biosynthetic pathways is one of the best studied metabolic pathways. This study identified three mutations within a gene that resulted in pale-colored flowers. The gene was designated EFP (enhancer of flavonoid production). Study results conclude that EFP is an enhancer of flavonoid production and flower pigmentation. (23)
• Anti-Asthmatic / Seeds: Study evaluated the antioxidant, bronchodilatory, and anti-asthmatic potential of aqueous methanolic crude extract of Ipomoea nil seeds. A bronchodilator assay on rabbit's trachea as well as in vivo OVA-induced allergic asthmatic activity was performed on mice. HPLC confirmed the presence of various polyphenolics and flavonoids i.e., gallic acid, vanillic acid, chlorogenic acid, quercetin, kaempferol, and others. Oral gavage of extract showed better bronchodilation profile as compared to carbachol and K+-induced bronchospasm. More significant (p<0.01) reduction in OVA-induced allergic hyper-responses i.e., inflammatory cells grade, antibody IgE and altered IFN-α in airways were observed at three different doses of extract. Results suggest the existence of antioxidants, calcium antagonists, and enzymes' inhibition profile validates folkloric consumption of the plant for treatment of respiratory ailments. (26)
• Antifatigue / Seeds: Study evaluated the effect of Ipomoea nil seed extract on fatigue. Arbitrary doses of 100mg/200g BW, 250mg/200g BW, 450mg/200g BW were administered to male sprague dawley rats once daily. Forced Swimming Test was used before and after treatment. Twelve days treatment was more effective than 6 days and the higher the dose, the more effective it was in treating fatigue. Three doses increased glucose and hemoglobin levels and increased swimming time indicating antifatigue activity and elevated exercise performance. (27)
• Cytotoxicity against Human Tumor Cell Lines / Anti-Inflammatory / Seeds: Study of air-dried Pharbitis nil seeds extracted isolated four new lignans, pharbilignans A-D (1-4) from the most active ethyl acetate fraction of an ethanol extract. Tested fro inhibitory effects on four human tumor cell lines using sulforhodamine B (SRB) bioassay, pharbilignan C (3) showed potent cytotoxicity against A549, SK-OV-3, SK-MEL-2, and HCT15 with IC50s of 1.42, 0.16, 0.20, and 0.14 µM, respectively. Anti-inflammatory testing of isolates showed pharbilignan C (3) strongly inhibited nitric oxide (NO) production in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated BV-2 microglia cell line with IC50 of 12.8 µM. (28)
• Antioxidant / Seeds: Study of seeds of Ipomoea nil isolated one new ent-kauran diterpene, 7ß, 16ß, 17-trihydroxy ent-kauran 19-(6ß)-olide (1), along with eight known compounds. Trans-caffeic acid (3), phenylpropanoid (4), and caffeoylquinic acid derivatives (5-9) could inhibit ROS generations induced in human keratinocyte HaCaT cells with IC50s of 0.94-28.40 µM. Compounds 3 and 5-9 showed DPPH free radical scavenging properties with IC50 range of 14.86-68.27 µM. Results suggest potential application for skin disorders caused by oxidative stress damage. (31)
• Antineurotoxic / Antivenom / Seeds: Study evaluated the effect of cobra vine seeds (Ipomoea nil) as anti-neurotoxin. Cobra vine seeds were extracted and filtrates were dried separately and attached to a ROTAVAP apparatus. Frog gastrocnemius muscle was used to evaluate the cobra toxin and antivenin in 5 different time intervals. Muscle that was almost paralyzed by the cobra toxin contracted vigorously after the antivenin was injected.  Action potential study showed an inhibitory effect for the venom and a staircase effect after the antivenin was injected. ANOVA showed significant difference on amplitude of muscle contraction between venom and anti-venin (250 mg/mL concentration). (32)
• Antimicrobial / Seeds and Whole Plant: Study evaluated and compared the antimicrobial activity of aqueous and organic (DCM, ethanol, methanol) extracts of seed and whole plant (leaves, flower and bark) against G+ and G- bacteria (S. aureus, B. pumilus, S. pneumonia, E. coli, Citrobacter freundii, and K. pneumonia) and fungi (C. albicans and A. niger). Methanol and ethanolic extract of seeds showed significant antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus with % inhibition of 89.88 and 85.67%, respectively. The antimicrobial activity varied from part to part and plant material used. Results suggest the organic extract of seed (methanolic and ethanolic) possess greater potential against pathogenic bacteria and fungal species as compared to whole plant organic extract. (33)
• Silver Nanoparticles / Antibacterial / Leaves: Study reports on the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using leaf extra t of Ipomoea nil. Using agar well diffusion method, the AgNPs showed antibacterial effects against five types of pathogenic bacteria i.e., E. coli, Salmonella, Bacillus, Proteus and K. pneumonia. (34)

Availability
- Wild-crafted. 
- Seeds and extracts in the cybermarket.


Updated  March 2023 / June 2018 / August 2016

PHOTOS / ILLUSTRATIONS
Photos © Godofredo Stuart / StuartXchange
OTHER IMAGE SOURCE: Seeds /Ipomoea hederacea Jacq. - ivyleaf morning-glory IPHE / Steve Hurst @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database / USDA
OTHER IMAGE SOURCE: Illustration: Morning Glories in Iriya, Eastern Capital, 1866, No 28 of "The Thirty-Six Selected Flower Scenes" by Hiroshige II / Public Domain / Wikipedia
OTHER IMAGE SOURCE: Photograph: Ipomoea nil / Ping an Chang / CC BY-SA 4.0 International /  click on image to go to source page / Wikipedia

Additional Sources and Suggested Readings
(1)
STUDIES IN THE CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF MURRAYA PANICULATA AND IPOMOEA HEDERACEA / Sumayya Saied / Thesis / Pakistan Research Repository /
(2)
Poly(nitrification) Grafted Ipomoea Seed-Gums: A Renewable Reservoir to Industrial Gums / Vandana Singh et al / Biomacromolecules, 2005, 6 (1), pp 453–456 / DOI: 10.1021/bm049518b
(3)
HEPATOPROTECTIVITY AND AN ANTIOXIDANT STUDY OF IPOMOEA HEDERACEA ON EXPERIMENTALLY INDUCED HEPATOTOXIC RATS / Ruckmani Devi S, M. Chitra and P. Jayamathi / Recent Research in Science and Technology 2010, 2(11): 17-19
(4)
Induced responses in Ipomoea hederacea: simulated mammalian herbivory induces resistance and susceptibility to insect herbivores / Anna K Simonsen, John R Stinchcombe / ArthropodPlant Interactions (2007), Volume: 1, Issue: 2, Pages: 129-136 / DOI: 10.1007/s11829-007-9009-0
(5)
Ipomoea hederacea: an Imperative Source for Natural Antioxidants / Aziz-ur-Rehmana, Ansur Abbas, Tauheeda Riaz, Shargeel Ahmad et al / Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Research
(6)
NEMATICIDAL ACTIVITY OF SELECTED FLORA OF PAKISTAN / MUHAMMAD ZIA UL HAQ, MANSOOR AHMAD AND MUSSARAT AKHTER / Pak. J. Bot., 42(3): 2119-2123, 2010.
(7)
ANTIMICROBIAL SCREENING OF SELECTED FLORA OF PAKISTAN / M. Zia-Ul-Haq et al / Arch. Biol. Sci., Belgrade, 63 (3), 691-695, 2011 DOI:10.2298/ABS1103691Z
(8)
Chemical Investigation of Seed of Ipomoea hederacea and its Biological Activity
/ B. P. Singh and Sandhya Singh / Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 2012, 4(2):1441-1448
(9)
Determination of LD50 and ED50 by dose response relationship and assessment of toxicological and non toxicological behaviour of Ipomoea hederacea / Mansoor Ahmad, Mehjabeen, M. Zia-Ul-Haq, Noor Jahan / Journal of Pharmacy Research, Vol 4, No 4 (2011)
(10)
Chemical Investigation of Seed of Ipomoea hederacea and its Biological Activity / B. P. Singh* and Sandhya Singh / Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 2012, 4(2):1441-1448
(11)
Compositional study and antioxidant potential of Ipomoea hederacea Jacq. and Lepidium sativum L. seeds. /
Zia-Ul-Haq M, Ahmad S, Calani L, Mazzeo T, Del Rio D, Pellegrini N, De Feo V. / Molecules. 2012 Aug29; 17(9):10306-21. doi: 10.3390/molecules170910306.
(12)
Ipomoea nil / KEW: Plants of the World Online
(13)
HEPATOPROTECTIVE ACTIVITY OF ETHYL ACETATE EXTRACT OF IPOMOEA NIL (L.) ROTH SEEDS ON RATS / BABU G*, DIVYA T, SHALIMA NK, DIVYA TA1, BIJU CR / International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2013; Vol 5, Suppl 4: pp 130-133
(14)
Triterpenoid Saponins from the Seeds of Pharbitis nil / Da Young JUNG, Hyekyung HA, Ho Young LEE, Chungsook KIM, Je-Hyun LEE, KiHwan BAE, Ju Sun KIM, and Sam Sik KANG / Chem. Pharm. Bull. 56(2) 203—206 (2008) 203
(15)
Phytochemical, Nutritional and Non Nutritional Analysis of Stem Extraction of Three Medicinal Ipomoe Species (Ipomoea Aquatica, Ipomoea Nil and Ipomoea Terbinata) From Allapuzha District of Kerala, India
/ Kannan R., Patharaj J., Kavya Kannan / International Journal of Research and Engineering, Vol 3, No 3 (2016).
(16)
Studies on Action Mechanism of Acrocidal Activity of Extracts of Pharbitis purpurea Seeds against Tetranychus cinnabarinus / Yan-Wang, Guang-lu Shi, Lan-qin Ma, Yu-bo Liu, You-nian Wang / Information Technology and Agricultural Engineering, Volume 134, pp 629-641
(17)
A Preliminary Study on Activity Mechanism and Identification of an Extract of Pharbitis Purpurea Seeds against Tetranychus Cinnabarinus / Juan Du, Lei Zhao, Lan-qing Ma, Yu-bo Liu, Guang-lu Shi, You-nian Wang, Bao-sheng Tong / Information Technology and Agricultural Engineering, Volume 134 of the series Advances in Intelligent and Soft Computing pp 547-556
(18)
SCREENING OF SEED OILS FROM FOUR SPECIES OF GENUS IPOMOEA / Mohammed Taufeeque, Abdul Malik, M. R. K. Sherwani / Int J Cur Res Rev, Nov 2015; Vol 7, Issue 21
(19)
Ipomea hederacea Jacq.: A Medicinal Herb with Promising Health Benefits / Muhammad Zia-Ul-Haq, Muhammad Riaz  and Vincenzo De Feo* / Molecules 2012; 17(11): pp 13132-13145 / doi:10.3390/molecules171113132
(20)
A study on pH indicator property of flowers of Ipomea nil / Sajin Kattuvilakam Abbas* / Journal of Innovations in Pharmaceuticals and Biological Sciences, 2014; 1(2): pp 72-76
(21)
Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Activities of Few Selected Ipomoea Species. / K.K. Parekh, A. M. Patel,  A. J. Modi  and H. R. Chandrashekhar / Pharmacologia, 2012; 3: pp 377-386 /
DOI: 10..5567/pharmacologia.2012.377.386
(22)
Extraction and Monitoring of Phytoecdysteroids Through HPLC / Dipankar Ghosh and K S Laddha / Journal of Chromatographic Science, Jan 2006; Vol 44
(23)
A chalcone isomerase‐like protein enhances flavonoid production and flower pigmentation / Yasumasa Morita, Kyoko Takaqi, Masako Fukuchi-Mizutani, Kanako Ishiguro, Yoshikazu Tanaka, Eiji Nitasaka, Masayoshi Nakayama / The Plant Journal, April 2014; Vol 78 Issue 2: pp 294-304 / https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.12469
(24)
Ethnomedicinal plants used by tribes of Kalahandi district, Orissa / Tribhubana Panda* & Rabindra N Padhy / Indian Journal Of Traditional Knowledge, April 2008; Vol. 7(2): pp. 242-249
(25)
Ipomoea / Wikipedia
(26)
Pharmacological Validation for the Folklore Use of Ipomoea nil against Asthma: In Vivo and In Vitro Evaluation / Taha Alqahtani, Sajida Parveen, Yahia Alghazwani, Musaddique Hussain et al / Molecules, 2022; 27(14): 4653 / DOI: 10.3390/molecules27144653 / PMID: 35889525
(27)
The effect of the seed extract of Cobra vine Ipomoea nil Linn. 1957 on fatigue using forced-swimming test (FST) on male sprague dawley rats / Sarah Jane Andalan, Jhareen Tan / Thesis/Dissertations, March 2014: BS Pharmacy
(28)
Identification of Antitumor Lignans from the Seeds of Morning Glory (Pharbitis nil) / Ki Hyun Kim, Kyeong Wan Woo, Eunjung Moon, Kang Ro Lee et al /  Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2014; 62(31): pp 7746-7752 / DOI: 10.1021/jf501470k
(29)
Ipomoea nil / Wikipedia
(30)
Morning Glory Flowers Have a Deep Spiritual Meaning / All Rose Meanings
(31)
New ent-kauran diterpene and antioxidant components from the seed of Ipomoea nil / Chia-Lin Lee, Pei-ting Lo, Yun-Lian Jhan, Chao-Jung Chen, Yuan-Shiun Chang / Natural Product Research, 2021; 35(15): pp 2551-2557 / DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2019.1686373
(32)
Anti-neurotoxic effect of cobra vine seeds (Ipomoea nil): a potential therapy for snakebites / Aparente E G et al / Science and Technology Infor 3(1() ;/ eISSN: 2222-4807 / pISSN: 2222-5668mation Network of the Philippines, 2003
(33)
An investigation of the antimicrobial activity of the aqueous, dichloromethane, ethanol and methanol extract of the seeds and whole plant of Ipomoea nil / Imran Khan / Journal of Pharmacy and Alternative Medicine, 2014
(34)
EVALUATION OF PHYTOCHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF SILVER NANOPARTICLE SYNTHESIZED IPOMOEA NIL AGAINST SELECTED PATHOGENS / Asha S, Asha A, Rajeshkumar S /  Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 2017; 10(3): pp 183-187 /
DOI: 10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i3.15986

DOI: It is not uncommon for links on studies/sources to change. Copying and pasting the information on the search window or using the DOI (if available) will often redirect to the new link page. (Citing and Using a (DOI) Digital Object Identifier)

                                                            List of Understudied Philippine Medicinal Plants

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