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Family Asteraceae / Compositae
Kangkong-kalabaw
Enydra fluctuans Lour.
MARSH HERB / BUFFALO SPINACH

Zhao ju

Scientific names Common names
Cryphiospermum repens P. Beauv. Kangkong-kalabaw (Tag.)
Enydra anagallis Gardner Kankong-kalabau (Tag.)
Enydra fluctuans Lour. Common enhydra (Engl.)
Enydra heloncha DC. Buffalo spinach (Engl.)
Enydra hingcha Voigt Marsh herb (Engl.)
Enydra longifolia (Blume) DC. Water cress (Engl.)
Enydra paludosa (Reinw.) DC. Water spinach (Engl.)
Hingtsha repens (P.Beauv.) Roxb.  
Meyera fluctuans (Lour.) Spreng.  
Meyera heloncha Buch.-Ham. ex Wall.  
Phyllimena paludosa Blume ex DC.  
Tetraotis longifolia Blume  
Tetraotis paludosa Reinw.  
Wahlengergia globularis Schumach. & Thonn.  
Enydra fluctuans  Lour. is an accepted species. KEW: Plants of the World Online

Other vernacular names
BENGALI: Hingcha, Helencha, Hinchashak, Harhach.
CAMBODIA: Kanting ring.
CHINESE: Zhao ju.
INDIA: Alangshi, Helencha, Harkuch.
INDONESIA: Godobos, Kokoha, Ambur.
MYANMAR: Kana-hpaw.
THAI: Phak bung ruam, Phakbung-pling, Phakpaeng.
VIETNAMESE: Cây rau ngổ, Rau ngổ, Ngổ trâu, Ngổ đất, Ngổ hương.

Gen info
-  Enydra is a genus of flowering plants in the Asteraceae or daily family. They are native to the Asian, African, and American Tropics and Sub-tropics.

Botany
Kankong-kalabau is a prostrate, spreading, annual herb. Stems are somewhat fleshy, 30 centimeters or more in length, branched, rooting at the lower nodes, and somewhat hairy. Leaves are stalkless, linear-oblong, 3 to 5 centimeters in length, pointed or blunt at the tip, usually truncate at the base, and somewhat toothed at the margins. Flowering heads are without stalks, borne singly in the axils of the leaves, and excluding the bracts, are less than 1 centimeter in diameter. Outer pair of the involucral bracts is ovate and 1 to 1.2 centimeters long; the inner pair is somewhat smaller. Flowers are white or greenish-white. Fruits are achenes enclosed by rigid receptacle-scales. Pappus is absent.

Perennial, often gregarious, erect-prostrate or free-floating, aromatic herb, 30-100 cm long. Stem cylindrical, 0.5-1 cm in diameter, hollow, hairy, sparsely branched, rooting at the nodes. Leaves opposite, (sub)sessile, narrowly oblong, 2-10 cm × 0.5-2 cm, base broadly truncate or subcordate, apex narrowly obtuse, margins usually dentate-serrate, finely gland-dotted on both surfaces. Inflorescence a globular head, up to 1 cm in diameter, sessile, solitary, terminal or pseudo-axillary (due to the development of axillary branches), heterogamous, many-flowered; involucre of 4 foliaceous, longitudinally-veined bracts, longer than the flowering heads and completely enclosing them. Ray flowers in many whorls, female; corolla with long tube and 2-5-lobed limb, white or greenish-white; ovary covered by palea which is ciliate at top, style ultimately exserted. Disk flowers more or less numerous, bisexual or sometimes sterile; corolla campanulate with 5-lobed rim; ovary as in ray flower, style arms 2; stamens connate, anthers ultimately exserted. Fruit an achene, oblongoid, 3 mm long, glabrous, closely clasped by the thickened palea (acting as floater), blackish, without a pappus. (36)

Distribution
- Native to the Philippines. (21)
- Other compilations list it as introduced and naturalized.
- In the Philippines, found only in Rizal Province in Luzon and occasional along the banks of small streams in and about Manila.

- Also native to Assam, Bangladesh, Benin, Burkina, Cambodia, China South-Central, Congo, East Himalaya, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Gulf of Guinea Is., Hainan, Ivory Coast, Jawa, KwaZulu-Natal, Laos, Malaya, Mozambique, Myanmar, Nigeria, Senegal, Sudan, Thailand, Vietnam, West Himalaya, Zambia, Zaïre, Zimbabwe. (21)

Constituents
- Study yielded flavonoids, tannins and saponins.
- Leaf extract study yielded two new chlorine containing melampolids, in addition to three known sesquiterpene lactones.
- Phytochemical analysis yielded alkaloids, saponins flavonoids, triterpenoids/steroid, tannins, carbohydrates, and glycosides.
- Ethyl acetate fraction yielded two flavonoids: baicalein 7-O-glucoside and baicalein 7-O-diglucoside.
- Study showed low ash content and a good source of beta-carotene (3.7 to 4.2 mg/100g on fresh weight basis.

- Study of methanolic extract showed total phenol and total flavonoid contents of 153.08 ± 0.38 mg/mL and 172.04 ± 0.56 mg/mL, respectively. (see study below)    (20)
- Solvent extracts of leaf yielded tannin, saponins, and flavonoids. Except for chloroform extract, terpenoid was present in all other extracts. (see study below) (22)
- Study isolated enhydrin (2) and the co-occurring sesquiterpene lactones, viz. fluctuanin (3) and fluctuadin (4).   (25)
- Study of leaf essential oil showed a yield of 0.08% w/w, Myrcene, limonene, trans-cis-dihydroperill-
aldehydes were the major components. (26)
- Nutritive analysis of the leafy vegetable yielded moisture 84.25, crude protein 23.42, carbohydrate 8.12, TSS 1.50, lipid 4.16, crude fiber 14.08, ash 14.60. Methionine was 1.88 g/100 g protein, tryptophan 1.02 g/100g protein, with 163.6 Kcal/100g. (29)

Properties
- Leaves are antibilious.
- Demulcent, cooling, laxative.
- Studies suggested antimicrobial, analgesic, antidiarrheal, antioxidant, anti-cancer, CNS depressant, iron chelating, hepatoprotective, gastroprotective, antibiotic-synergism, thrombolytic, anthelmintic properties.

Parts used
Leaves, young plant parts.

Uses

Edibility
- In Malaya, young parts are used as salad.
- Boiled leaves and stems eaten with rice.
- Sometimes steamed before they are eaten.
Folkloric
- In the Philippines, leaves are pressed and applied to the skin as a cure for herpetic eruptions.
- The Malays use the young parts and bitter leaves as laxative.
- Leaves used for diseases of the skin and nervous system.
- Leaf paste applied to inflamed breasts to reduce inflammation.
- In Calcutta, fresh juice of leaves used as adjunct to tonic medicines; used for neuralgia and other nervous diseases. In Indian medicine, also used for various skin diseases and as a laxative.
- In Assam, India, plant juices used for skin diseases, nervous disorders and high blood pressure.
- Expressed juice of leaves used as demulcent in cases of gonorrhea; mixed with cow's or goat's milk.
- As a cooling agent, leaves are pounded and made into paste and applied cold to the head.
- Plant used for torpidity of the liver. Infusion is prepared the previous evening, boiled with rice and taken with mustard oil and salt.
- In Bangladesh, used by the tribal practitioners of the Marakh sect of the Garos for treatment of diabetes. (19)
- In Ayurveda, used for liver disorders, skin and nervous disorders; also, as laxative.
- Mixture of juice with honey taken for smallpox. Plant used as ingredient in steam baths. Leaf preparations used for leprous sores, coughs, and fever. Juice taken with cow's or goat's milk for urinary tract infections. In India, leaves used as laxative, demulcent, and as antibilious. (31)


Studies
Antimicrobial:
Study results showed extract variations, but the methanol extract of A. longifolia, I. aquatica and Enhydra fluctuans showed antimicrobial activity against pathogenic bacteria - S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, E coli and M. luteus. (1) A study in Bangladesh evaluated three medicinal plants (Enhydra fluctuans, Clerodendrum viscosum and Andrographis paniculata) for antimicrobial activity against some pathogenic microorganisms. Methanol extract of leaves of E. fluctuans showed antimicrobial activity with inhibition zones between 6-15 mm with efficacy in the order of E. fluctuans > A. paniculata > C. viscosum. All samples were active against brine shrimp naupulii. (23)
Antioxidant: Study showed the crude extract to contain flavonoids, saponins and tannins. The ethyl acetate fractions showed the highest free radical scavenging activity
Analgesic: Study evaluating the analgesic activity showed promising results in both acetic acid-induced writhing and the tail-flick methods. (6)
Antidiarrheal: Study of the methanol and aqueous extracts of the whole plant showed antidiarrheal activity on castor oil-induced diarrhea. The methanolic extract moderately inhibited growth of S. dysenteriae, S. boydii and S. flexneri; the aqueous extract inhibited growth of S. aureus, S. dysenteriae and S. boydii. (7)
Flavonoids / Anticancer: Study yielded two flavonoids: baicalein 7-O-glucoside and baicalein 7-O-diglucoside. They were screened for anticancer activity against Ehrlich/s ascites carcinoma bearing Swiss albino mice. Treatment caused a significant decrease in tumor cell volume and increase of life span. Treatment with the flavonoids was found to be cytotoxic in the in-vitro model. (8)
CNS Depressant Activity / Aerial Parts: Neuropharmacological effects of three fractions of aerial parts were studied using mice models. Results showed significant spontaneous motility depressant, sedative, anticonvulsant and anti-stress activity. (10)
Flavonoids / Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Activity: Study of total flavonoids in Swiss albino mice showed analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity. Analgesic activity was studied using acetic acid induced writhing response and hot plate method. Anti-inflammatory activity was estimated by carrageenan and histamine induced acute inflammation and Freund's complete adjuvant induced chronic inflammation in rats. The results may be attributed to high free radical scavenging and antioxidant potential of flavonoids in the ethyl acetate fraction of E. fluctuans. (11)
Hepatoprotective / CCl4-Induced Damage: Study evaluated the hepatoprotective potential of EF against carbon-tetrachloride-induced oxidative damage in rats. Results showed the flavonoid rich ethyl acetate fraction to have significant hepatoprotective activity, probably due to the ability of the extract to inhibit lipid peroxidation and increase the anti-oxidant enzymatic activity. (12)
Antimicrobial / Cytotoxicity: Study evaluated three medicinal plants (E. fluctuans, Clerodendrum viscosum and A. peniculata) for antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities against some pathogenic organisms and Artemia salina (brine shrimp nauplii). All three showed activity against brine shrimp nauplii. A methanol leaf extract of E. fluctuans showed significant efficacy against tested bacteria and fungi. (15)
Iron-Chelating / Antioxidant: Chelation of free iron can prevent the formation of free radicals. An antioxidant prevents the activity of free radicals either by inhibition or scavenging of free radicals. Study showed E. fluctuans to have both iron chelating and antioxidant activity. (18)
Anti-Diarrheal / In vitro Antimicrobial Activity: Study of extracts of E. fluctuans showed antidiarrheal activity. The methanolic extract showed moderate inhibitory activity on Shigella dysenteriae, S. boydii and S. flexneri; the aqueous extract inhibited Staphylococcus aureus, S. dysenteriae, and S. boydii. (13)
Phagocytosis Effects / Leaves: Study evaluated the effect of aqueous extract of leaves on neutrophil phagocytic function. Results showed the extract stimulated chemotactic, phagocytic, and intracellular killing potency of human neutrophils at different concentration. probably through stimulation of cell-mediated immune system. (16)
Natural Flavonoids / Anti-Inflammatory / Gastric Cytoprotective: Flavonoid isolated from the leaves of E. fluctuans showed anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting COX-2 and 5-LOX. Its anti-ulcerogenic effect can be attributed to its action on mucosa defense factors. (17)
Anthelmintic / Antioxidant / Thrombolytic: Methanolic extract was evaluated for anthelmintic and thrombolytic activities. Results showed significant antioxidant activity with IC50 of 135.20  ± 0.56 µg/mL, with reducing power increasing with concentration. Anthelmintic activity of crude extract against Pheretima posthuma showed concentration dependent effect and compared with albendazole. Clot lysis activity of crude extract was significant (31%) compared to standard streptokinase's clot lysis activity of 40.13%. (see constituents above) (20)
• Cytotoxic / Antioxidant / Leaves: Study evaluated solvent extracts of leaf for phytochemical, cytotoxic, and antioxidant activity. All extracts yielded tannin, saponins, and flavonoids. Except for chloroform extract, terpenoid was present in all other extracts. On brine shrimp lethality assay, the chloroform extract showed highly significant activity of 93.9%. (22)
• Antibacterial / Antibiotic Synergism: Study evaluated E. fluctuans extracts against numerous drug-resistant clinical isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and extended-spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL) and metallobetalactamse-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumonia. Toluene extracts showed considerable antibacterial activity against gram-negative bacteria. MIC values ranged from 25 mg/mL to 100 mg/mL. Slight evidence of synergism was observed in combination with selected antibiotics. (24)
• Isoflavone Glycoside / Antimicrobial / Leaves: A methanol extract of leaves yielded a novel bioactive isoflavone, glycoside 4',5,6,7-tetrahydroxy-8-methoxyisoflavone-7-O-ß-D-galactopyranosyl-(1>4)-O-a-l-rhamnopyranoside. The compound exhibited antimicrobial activity against various bacteria and fungi. (27)
• Cytoprotective / Antioxidant / Experimental Induced Lead Acetate Intoxication: Study evaluated the protective effect of edible extract of E. fluctuans against Pb toxicity. PB altered the extent of ROS production and significantly (p<0.01) induced apoptosis in hepatocytes. The extract exhibited concentration dependent cytoprotective effect against Pb-induced cytotoxicity in vitro. attenuating Pb-acetate mediated toxic manifestations. The extract provided overall protection by promoting Pb clearance coupled with restoration of redox balance. (28)
• Antilithiatic / Effect on Crystal Growth / Antibacterial / Whole Plant: The plant has ethnomedicinal use for treatment of kidney stones and urinary problems. Study evaluated the effect of aqueous extract of whole plant on the growth on calcium phosphate (brushite) crystals. In vitro studies showed the  AE at 50, 100, and 200 µg/mL exhibited inhibitory effect on brushite crystal growth. The extract also showed antibacterial effect against S. aureus and exhibited antioxidant activity. (32)
• Protective Against Cadmium Intoxication: Study  evaluated the protective role of edible aqueous extracts of E. fluctuans and I. aquatica against Cd-intoxication. Phytochemical analysis revealed substantial amounts of phenolics, flavonoids, saponins, carbohydrates and ascorbic acid. CdCl2 treated hepatocytes exhibited significantly increased levels (p<0.01) of ROS production, lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation and NADPH oxidase, along with depletion (p<0.01) of antioxidant enzymes and GSH. In in vivo bioassay, CdCl2 treatment caused high Cd bioaccumulation and oxidative stress in the liver, kidney, heart, brain and testes in mice, along with alterations in hematological and biochemical parameters. Simultaneous administration of extracts could significantly restore tested parameters to near normal status. Results suggest the extracts can provide overall protective effect by counteracting Cd mediated oxidative stress and/or promoting elimination of Cd by chelation. (33)
• Cholinesterase Inhibitory / Antioxidant / Potential for Alzheimer's Disease: Study evaluated the cholinesterase inhibitory and antioxidant potential of E. fluctuans extracts. Chloroform extract exhibited highest inhibition against both acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase enzymes with IC50s of 83.90 and 48.14 µg/mL, respectively. The chloroform extract also exhibited highest radical scavenging activity  (DPPH IC50 113.27 µg/mL) and reducing power (1.916 absorbance at 50 µg/mL). Results suggest a natural source of cholinesterase inhibitors and antioxidants and a potential as functional foods for Alzheimer's disease management. (34)
• Anti-Urolithiatic / Inhibition of Calcium Oxalate Crystallization / In Silico and In Vitro Studies: Study evaluated the effect of aqueous extract of E. fluctuans on in vitro crystallization of calcium oxalate using in vitro nucleation and aggregation assays. In vitro studies showed the extract (50, 100, and 200 µg/mL) and standard cystone (1000 µg/mL) exhibited an inhibitory role in the nucleation process with % inhibitions of 52.69, 43.47, 21.98, and 31.67 µg/mL respectively. Molecular docking studies revealed that 2 out of 35 metabolites i.e. Baicalein-7-O-diglucoside and 4′,5,6,7-Tetrahydroxy-8-methoxy isoflavone-7-O-beta-D- galactopyranosyl-(1→3)-O-beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→4)- O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranoside showed modulatory effects on the four renal stone matrix-associated proteins. Results show E. fluctuans may be effective in preventing crystallization of calcium oxalate. (35)

Availability
Wild-crafted.

Updated October 2023 / April 2019 / August 2016

PHOTOS / ILLUSTRATIONS
IMAGE SOURCE: File: Hingcha / হেলচীmukulghosh / CC BY 3.0 / click on image or link to go to source page / Wikimedia Commons
OTHER IMAGE SOURCE: File: Hingcha / হেলচীmukulghosh / CC BY 3.0 / click on image or link to go to source page / Wikimedia Commons

Additional Sources and Suggested Readings
(1)
Antimicrobial efficacies of methanol extract of Asteracantha longifolia, Ipomoea aquatica and Enhydra fluctuans against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Micrococcus luteus / J N Bhakta, P Majumdar, Yukihiro Munekage /
The Internet Journal of Alternative Medicine™ ISSN: 1540-2584
(2)
Anti-inflammmatory activity of Enhydra fluctuans Lour, Leaf. Plaban Bhattacharya, Anup Maiti, Subhash C. Mandal. The 9th International Congress on Ethnopharmacology at Naning, P.R. China. (2006).
(3)
Hepatoprotective nature of Enhydra fluctuans leaf on Paracetamol induced hepatic damage / Plaban Bhattacharya, Anup Maiti, Subhash C. Mandal. The 94th session of the Indian Science Congress at Annamalainagar, India.(2007).
(4)
Wild plants of Majuli Island and Darrang districts of Assam / Indian Journ of Traditional Knowledge, 2007; 6(1): pp 191-194

(5)
Sesquiterpene lactones from Enhydra fluctuans / N R Krishnaswamy and Niranjan Ramji /
Volume 38, Issue 2, January 1995, pp 433-435 / doi:10.1016/0031-9422(94)00705-X
(6)
Analgesic activity of Enhydra fluctuans / M T Rahman, N Gegum et al / Fitoterapia, Dec 2002; Vol 73, Issues 7-8: pp 707-709 / doi:10.1016/S0367-326X(02)00212-5
(7)
Evaluation of Anti-diarrheal Activity of Enhydra fluctuans / S J Uddin, M M Ferdous, R Rouf et al / Journal of Medical Sciences, 2005; 5(4): pp 324-327
(8)
Flavonoids of Enhydra fluctuans exhibit anticancer activity against Ehrlich's ascites carcinoma in mice. / Sannigrahi S, Mazumder UK, Mondal A, Pal D, Mishra SL, Roy S. / Nat Prod Commun.; 2010 Aug; 5(8): pp 1239-42.
(9)
Sorting Enydra names / Maintained by: Michel H. Porcher, / MULTILINGUAL MULTISCRIPT PLANT NAME DATABASE / A Work in Progress. School of Agriculture and Food Systems. Faculty of Land & Food Resources. The University of Melbourne. Australia / Copyright © 1997 - 2000 The University of Melbourne.
(10)
Pharmacological Evaluation of Enhydra fluctuans Aerial Parts for Central Nervous System Depressant Activity
/
Sudipto Kumar Roy et al / Pharmacologyonline 1: 632-643 (2011)
(11)
Flavonoids of Enhydra Fluctuans exhibits analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity in different animal models / Sannigrahi S, Mazumder UK, Pal D, Mishra ML, Maity S. / Pak J Pharm Sci., 2011 Jul; 24(3): pp 369-375.
(12)
Hepatoprotective Potential of Flavonoid Rich Fraction of EnhydraFluctuans Against CCl / Sannigrahi et al / Pharmacologyonline, 2009; 2: pp 575-586
(13)
Evaluation of Anti-diarrhoeal Activity of Enhydra fluctuans / S.J. Uddin, M.M. Ferdous , R. Rouf , M.S. Alam , M.A.M. Sarkar and J.A. Shilpi / Journal of Medical Sciences, 5: 324-327. / DOI: 10.3923/jms.2005.324.327
(14)
Chemical composition of two semi-aquatic plants for food use. / Dewanji A, Matai S, Si L, Barik S, Nag A. / Plant Foods Hum Nutr. 1993 Jul;44(1):11-6.
(15)
Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Activity of Three Bitter Plants Enhydra Fluctuans, Andrographis Peniculata and Clerodendrum Viscosum / M. Ruhul Amin, Ripon Mondol, M. Rowshanul Habib, and M. Tofazzal Hossain * / Adv Pharm Bull. 2012; 2(2): 207–211 / doi: 10.5681/apb.2012.032
(16)
Effect of Enhydra fluctuans Lour. Leaf Extract on Phagocytosis by Human Neutrophils / K. S. Patil, P. Majumder, R. R. Wadekar / Journal of Natural Remedies, Jan 2008; Volume 8, Issue 1: pp 76-81
(17)
Natural Flavonoids Isolated From the Leaves of Enhydra fluctuans Inhibits Cyclooxygenase-2 and 5-Lipooxygenase Inflammation in Various Models / Satyajit, D. Pradhan / International Journal of Research in Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics
(18)
In Vitro Studies on Antioxidant and Iron-chelating Activity of Enhydra fluctuans Lour / L.N. PATRALEKH, G. MUKHERJEE / Sci. & Cult., 2010; 76(11–12): pp 537–539
(19)
MEDICINAL PLANTS USED FOR TREATMENT OF DIABETES BY THE MARAKH SECT OF THE GARO TRIBE LIVING IN MYMENSINGH DISTRICT, BANGLADESH / Mohammed Rahmatullah, Md. Nur Kabidul Azam, Zubaida Khatun, Syeda Seraj, Farhana Islam, Md. Atiqur Rahman, Sharmin Jahan, Md. Shah Aziz, Rownak Jahan / African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative medicines (AJTCAM), 2012; Vol 9, No 3
(20)
Phytochemical and in vitro biological investigations of methanolic extracts of Enhydra fluctuans Lour.
/
Sourov Kuri, Md. Mustahsan Billah, S. M. Masud Rana, Zannatul Naim, Md. Mahmodul Islam, Md. Hasanuzzaman, Md. Ramjan Ali, and Rana Banik / Asian Pac J Trop Biomed., 2014 Apr; 4(4): pp 299–305 / DOI: 10.12980/APJTB.4.2014C677
(21)
Enydra fluctuans / Synonyms / The Plant List
(22)
Cytotoxic, Phytochemical and Antioxidant Potential of Marshy Herb Enhydra Fluctuans Lour
/ Sunita Bhatnagar, Rituparna Panigrahi / International Journal of Ethnobiology & Ethnomedicine, July 27, 2015; 1(1)
(23)
Antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity of three bitter plants enhydra fluctuans, andrographis peniculata and clerodendrum viscosum. / Amin M R, Mondol R, Habib M R, Hossain M T / Adv Pharm Bull., 2012; 2(2): pp 207-211 / DOI: 10.5681/apb.2012.032.
(24)
Screening of Enhydra fluctuans for Phytochemical Composition and Broad-Spectrum Antibacterial Activity against Clinical Bacterial Isolates / Upasana Sarma, Vedant V Borah, Kandarpa Kr Saikia and N K Hazarika / Journal of Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants, 2016; 22(4) / https://doi.org/10.1080/10496475.2016.1204579
(25)
Studies on Indian medicinal plants—XXVIII : Sesquiterpene lactones of Enhydra fluctuans Lour. Structures of enhydrin, fluctuanin and fluctuadin / E Ali, P P Ghosh Dastidar, S C Pakrashi, L J Durham, A M Duffield / Tetrahedron, 1972; 28(8): pp 2285-2298 / https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-4020(01)93572-0
(26)
Dihydroperillaldehydes from Enhydra fluctuans Lour. essential oil / / DOI: 10.1002/1099-1026(200009/10)15:5<299::aid-ffj911>3.0.co;2-i
(27)
Novel bioactive constituents from Enhydra fluctuans LOUR. / R N Yadava and S K Singh / Natural Products Research, 2007; 21(6) / https://doi.org/10.1080/14786410500184074
(28)
Cytoprotective and Antioxidant Effects of an Edible Herb, Enhydra fluctuans Lour. (Asteraceae), against Experimentally Induced Lead Acetate Intoxication / Tarun K. Dua, Saikat Dewanjee, Ritu Khanra, Swarnalata Joardar, Sujata Barma, Shilpa Das, M. Zia-Ul-Haq, Vincenzo De Feo  / PLOS|ONE / https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0148757
(29)
Nutritive values of some non-conventional leafy vegetables and scarcity food plants of north east India / Chandra K. S., Dimple Gogoi, Gautam K. H. and Handique A. K. / African Journal of Food Science, November 2016; 10(11): pp 340-343 / DOI: 10.5897/AJFS2016.1427
(30)
Enydra / Wikipedia
(31)
Enydra fluctuans Lour. / GBIF
(32)
Enhydra fluctuans Lour. aqueous extract inhibited the growth of calcium phosphate crystals: An in vitrostudy / Bornika Chattaraj, Arijhjit Nandi, Subrata Chakraborty, Yadu Nandan Dey et al / Food Chemistry Advances, 2023; Volume 2: 100287 / DOI: 10.1016/j.focha.2023.100287
(33)
The effects of two common edible herbs, Ipomoea aquatica and Enhydra fluctuans, on cadmium-induced pathophysiology: a focus on oxidative defence and anti-apoptotic mechanism / Tarun K Dua, Saikat Dewanjee, Vicenzo de Feo et al / Journal of Translational Medicine, 2015; 13: Article No: 245 /
DOI: 10.1186/s12967-015-0598-6
(34)
Phytochemical Analysis and Cholinesterase Inhibitory and Antioxidant Activities of Enhydra fluctuansRelevant in the Management of Alzheimer’s Disease / Simin Shabnam Lopa, Md Yusuf Al-Amin, Md Kamrul Hasan, Md Salim Ahammed, Md Golam Sadik et al / International Journal of Food Science, Volume 2021; Article ID 8862025 / DOI: 10.1155/2021/8862025
(35)
Inhibitory activity of Enhydra fluctuans Lour. on calcium oxalate crystallisation through in silicoand in vitrostudies / Bornika Chattaraj, Arijit Nandi, Anwesha Das et al /  Front. Pharmacol., 2022, Volume 13 /
DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.982419
(36)
Enydra fluctuans Loureiro (PROSEA) / Nguyen Tien Ban / Pl@ntUse

DOI: It is not uncommon for links on studies/sources to change. Copying and pasting the information on the search window or using the DOI (if available) will often redirect to the new link page. (Citing and Using a (DOI) Digital Object Identifier)

                                                            List of Understudied Philippine Medicinal Plants
                                          New plant names needed
The compilation now numbers over 1,300 medicinal plants. While I believe there are hundreds more that can be added to the collection, they are becoming increasingly difficult to find. If you know of a plant to suggest for inclusion, please email the info: local plant name (if known), any known folkloric medicinal use, scientific name (most helpful), and, if available, a photo. Suggestions are greatly appreciated. (G.Stuart)

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