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Family Leguminosae / Fabaceae
Katil
Eriosema chinense Vog.
CHINESE BUSH CARROT

Zhu zi li

Scientific names Common names
Dolichos biflorus "sensu Lour., non L." Katil (Ig.)
Eriosema chinense Vogel Kitkitil (Bon.)
  Kutil (Ilk.)
  Okun (Ig.)
  Chinese bush carrot (Engl.)
Eriosema chinense Vogel is an accepted name. The Plant List
Taxonomic notes
There are about 130 species in the genus Eriosema. In a study of the diagnostic characteristics and morphology of root tubers of the two species, Eriosema chinensis and E. himalaicum, a proposal was made to treat the two species as synonyms.

Other vernacular names
CAMBODIAN: Te:l, Te:l tueng'.
CHINESE: Ji tou shu, Que li zhu, Mao ban hua, Zhu zi li.
INDONESIAN: Katil.
LAOTIAN: Kh'o:nz ko:ng.
MYANMAR: Peik-san-gale.
THAI: Man chaang, Man thong, Haeo praduu, Khon klong.
VIETNAMESE: Mao t[uwr] trung qu[oos]c.

Botany
Katil is a annual or perennial, slender, erect, woody, little branched, and densely hairy plant. Stems are 30 to 50 centimeters. Leaflets are simple, linear-ligulate, and 2.5 to 5 centimeters in length. Flowers are yellow, 1 to 2, and borne on leaf axils. Pods are oblong, about 2 centimeters in length, and densely hairy.

Distribution
- In open grasslands, chiefly at medium altitudes, ascending to 2,000 meters in Cagayan, Isabela, Bontoc, Lepanto, Benguet, and Nueva Vizcaya Provinces in Luzon; in Semirara; in Culion; and in Mindanao.
- Widely distributed in China; also in India, Burma, Thailand, Vietnam, and Indonesia, through Malaya to tropical Australia.

Constituents
- Grain with the husk yields albuminoids, starch, oil, ash, and phosphoric acid.
- Study of hexane and dichloromethane extract of roots yielded eight new prenylated flavonoids, khonklonginols A-H (1-8), together with six known compounds including five flavonoids: lupinifolinol, dehydrolupinifolinol, flemichin D, eriosemaone A, and lupinifolin, and one lignan, yangambin.
(see study below) (1)
- Roots yielded six prenylated flavonoids together with 12 known compounds.
- Hexane, dichloromethane and methanol extracts of roots yielded seven flavonoids, trans-p-coumaric acid ester, along with 12 compounds identified as 3-epilupinifolinol (), 3-epikhonklonginol C (), 2′-hydroxylupinifolinol (), 2,5,2,4-tetrahydroxy-6″,6″-dimethylpyrano(2″,3″:7,6)-8-(3‴,3‴-dimethylallyl) flavone (), (2R,3R,2‴R)-3,5,2‴-trihydroxy-4-methoxy-6″,6″-dimethylpyrano(2″,3″:7,6)-8-(3‴-methylbut-3‴-enyl) flavanone (), 2‴,3‴-epoxy-khonklonginol A (), 6,7-dimethoxy-5,2′,4′-trihydroxyisoflavone (), octaeicosanyl-trans-p-coumarate, khonklonginol A (), lupinifolinol (), flemichin D (), 7-O-methyltectorigenin, tectorigenin (), genistein (), kaempferol (), 2′,4′,5,7-tetrahydroxy-6-methoxyisoflavone, kaempferol-7-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (), genistein-7-O-β-d-glucopyranoside, genistin, astragalin () and cajanol (). (10)

Properties
- Seeds are anti-diarrheal, astringent, diuretic, and tonic.
- Studies have suggested cytotoxic, antibacterial, antimycobacterial, antioxidant, antidiarrheal properties

Parts used
Grain, seeds.

Uses

Edibility
- In some regions of India, E. chinense is considered an edible tuberous legume.
- Roots used as vegetable by people of northern Australia and Northeast India.
- Tubers are eaten raw, cooked, or roasted.
Folkloric
- Decoction of grain used for scrofula.
- Decoction of grain, with powdered pepper added, is given for diarrhea.
- Powder of seeds applied to the skin to check cold sweats.
- Decoction of grain given to women during parturition to promote discharge of the lochia.
- Also used in leucorrhea and a variety of menstrual derangements.
- In India, seeds used for tonic, diuretic, and astringent properties.
- In North East India, roots used by tribal people for treatment of diarrhea. (7)
- In
Myanmar, decoction of seeds used for treatment of scrofula, diarrhea, leucorrhea and menstrual derangements. (10)

Studies
Cytotoxic / Antimycobacterial / Roots:
Study of extracts of roots yielded 8 new prenylated flavonoids, five known flavonoids and one lignan. The compounds were evaluated against small-cell lung and oral epidermal carcinoma human cell lines as well as antimycobacterial activity against M. tuberculosis H37Ra. Compound 1,2, 9 showed inhibitory activity against NCI-H187 (small cell lung carcinoma); compound 9 was most active against the KB (oral epidermal carcinoma. (1)
Isoflavoid Extract / Extraction / Anti-inflammatory: An invention describes Eriosema chinense isoflavoid extract and its extraction method. Extract was reported to be bacteria-resistant, anti-inflammatory, cough-relieving and sputum-resolving. (5)
Antidiarrheal / Lupinifolin / Roots: Study evaluated an ethanol extract and various fractions for antidiarrheal effect in a castor oil-induced diarrhea model. A chloroform fraction showed the highest antidiarrheal effect, followed by the ethanol extract and lupinifolin. The antidiarrheal effect may be attributed to anti-motility and antisecretory effects with potential antibacterial activity. (7)
Antimicrobial / Antioxidant / Flavonoids: Study of roots yielded six prenylated flavonoids together with 12 known compounds. Seven isolates and derivatives were evaluated for antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. The presence of free phenolic OH and lipophilic prenyl groups are crucial for potent antimicrobial activity and the presence of free phenolic OH group is required for strong radical scavenging activity. (8)
Antidiarrheal / Eriosematin E / Roots: A prenylated flavanone, eriosematin E, isolated from the roots, exhibited significant antidiarrheal activity. Maximum effective dose of eriosematin E was 10mg/kg p.o., inhibiting peristaltic index (small intestinal transit) and reducing intestinal fluid volume of castor oil induced and PGE2 induced enteropooling models. Antidiarrheal activity was attributed to its antisecretory and antioxidant potential.(10) (11)
Antidiarrheal / Enteropathogenic E. coli-Induced Infectious Diarrhea / Roots: Study evaluated the potential of roots from E. chinense against enteropathogeic Escherichia coli-induced infectious diarrhea. Results showed significant antidiarrheal potential of the root extract and chloroform fraction. There was also significant restoration of altered antioxidant and electrolyte status and reactivated the Na+/K+-ATPase and prevented epithelial tissue damage. The effect was attributed to inhibition in intestinal secretion, nitric oxide production, and reactivation of NaKATPase. (12)
Eriosematin E / Enteropathogenic E. coli-Induced Diarrhea: Study evaluated the potential of eriosematin E (ECM) isolated from roots of Eriosema chinense against enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) induced diarrhea. ECM was isolated from bioactive chloroform fraction of E. chinense. Results showed significant antidiarrheal potential at 5 and 10 mg/kg p.o., as evidenced by higher density of stools. The ECM also significantly increase the level of WBC, Hb, platelets and restored the altered antioxidants, pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-ß and TNF-α) status and reactivated the suppressed NaKAtPase activity. Results were attributed to decline in levels of cytokines, inhibition of NO production, and reactivation of NaKATPase resulting in reduced intestinal secretion. (13)

Availability
Wild-crafted.

Updated August 2020 / May 2015

                                                  PHOTOS / ILLUSTRATIONS
IMAGE SOURCE: Plant of the Month: December 2011 / Eriosema chinense Vogel, Nov. Actorum Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. Nat. Cur. 19(Suppl. 1): 31. 1843 / Photo credit Preecha Karaket (Doi Hua Mot, Tak) / © 2012 Office of Forest Herbarium / click on image to go to source page / BKF Forest Herbarium
OTHER IMAGE SOURCE: Photograph / Eriosema chinense / click on image to go to source page /© HONG KONG HERBARIUM

Additional Sources and Suggested Readings
(1)
Cytotoxic and antimycobacterial prenylated flavonoids from the roots of Eriosema chinense / Sutthivaiyakit S, Thongnak O, Lhinhatrakool T et al / J Nat Prod. 2009 Jun; 72(6): pp 1092-1096.
(2)
Taxonomic Notes on the Chinese Eriosema (Leguminosae)
/ S A Ren / Acta Botanica Yunnanica, 2005, 27(4), 375-377.
(3)
Eriosema chinense Vogel (accepted name) / Chinese names / Catalogue of Life, China
(4)
Eriosema chinense / Vernacular names / GLOBinMED
(5)
Eriosema chinense isoflavoid extract and extraction method and application thereof / Patent Family Members (2; CN): / 10 Mar 2010 / QINGLU LI
(6)
Synthesis and Analysis of Eriosema Isoflavonoids and Derivatives Thereof / Mamoalosi Alix-Maria Selepe / December 2011
(7)
Antidiarrhoeal Evaluation of Root Extract, Its Bioactive Fraction, and Lupinifolin Isolated from Eriosema chinense / Satyendra K. Prasad, Damiki Laloo, Manish Kumar, Siva Hemalatha / Planta Med 2013; 79(17): pp 1620-1627 / DOI: 10.1055/s-0033-1351021
(8)
Eriosema chinense: A rich source of antimicrobial and antioxidant flavonoids. / Sanit Thongnest, Thitma Lhinhatrakool, Nuancharwee Wetprasit, Pakawadee Sutthivalyakit, Somyote Sutthivalyakit / Phytochemistry, Oct 2013 / DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2013.06.004
(9)
Eriosoma chinense / Synonyms / The Plant List
(10)
A Review on the Phytochemistry, Medicinal Properties and Pharmacological Activities of 15 Selected Myanmar Medicinal Plants / Mya Mu Aye, Hnin Thanda Aung, Myint Myint Sein, Chabaco Armijos / Molecules, 2019 Jan; 24(2): 293 / doi: 10.3390/molecules24020293 / PMCID: PMC6359042 / PMID: 30650546
(11)
Antidiarrhoeal activity of eriosematin E isolated from the roots of Eriosema chinense Vogel / Satyendra K Prasad, Komal M Parmar, Siva Hemalatha et al / International Journal of Phytotherapy and Phytopharmacology / DOI:10.1016/j.phymed.2016.11.022 / Corpus ID: 8682024
(12)
Antidiarrheal potential of Eriosema chinense vogel. against enteropathogenic Escherichia coli-induced infectious diarrhea. / Komal Parmar, Jayshri Hirudkar, Dhiraj Bhagwat and Satyendra Prasad / Pharmacognosy Magazine, 2019; 15(66)
(13)
The potency of eriosematin E from Eriosema chinense Vogel. against enteropathogenic Escherichia coli induced diarrhoea using preclinical and molecular docking studies / Komal Parmar, Dhiraj Bhagwat, Saurabh Sinha, Nitin Katare, Satyendra Prasad / Acta Tropica, 2019; Vol: 193: pp 84-91 / 30807750 / 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.02.025

                                                                          DOI
It is not uncommon for links on studies/sources to change. Copying and pasting the information on the search window or using the DOI (if available) will often redirect to the new link page. (Citing and Using a (DOI) Digital Object Identifier)

                                                            List of Understudied Philippine Medicinal Plants

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