HOME      •      SEARCH      •      EMAIL    •     ABOUT

Family Amaranthaceae
Kolitis
Amaranthus viridis L.
GREEN AMARANTH

Zhou guo xian

Scientific names  Common names 
Albersia caudata (Jacq,) Boiss. Bauan (Bon.) 
Albersia gracilis (Desf,) Webb & Berthel. Halom (Tag., Bis.) 
Amaranthus acutilobus Uline & W.L.Bray Halunapa (Sul.) 
Amaranthus fasciatus Roxb. Kadiapa (Mag.) 
Amaranthus gracilis Desf. Kalunai (Ilk.) 
Amaranthus polystachyus Buch.-Ham. ex Wall. Kilitis (Bik.) 
Amaranthus viridis L. Kolitis (Tag.) 
Chenopodium caudatum Jacq. Kulitis (Tag.) 
Galliaria adscendens Bubani Nasi (It.) 
Glomeriaria viridis (L.) Cav. Siitan (Ilk.) 
Pyxidium viride (L.) Moq. Sitan (Ib.) 
  Amaranth (Engl.) 
  Green amaranth (Engl.)
  Slender amaranth (Engl.) 
  Wild amaranth (Engl.)
Amaranthus viridis L. is an accepted name. The Plant List

Other vernacular names
BENGALI: Ban note, Bon note.
CHINESE: Lu xian, Ye xian, Niao xian, Kang xian, Ye xian cai, Shan xing cai, Zhou guo xian.
FRENCH: Amarante verte.
GERMAN: Grüner Amarant.
GREEK: Depto vlito.
GUJARATI: Dhinmado.
HINDI: Chauraiya, Jangali chaulai, Jungali chaulayi.
JAPANESE: Aobiyu, Honaga inu biyu.
KANNADA: Cheakeerae soppu, Chilikiraesoppu, Dagglisoppu, , Dagglarive soppu, Eere soppu.
KOREAN: Cheong bi reum.
MALAY: Bayan hedjo.
MALAYALAM: Cerhiraa, Kuppacheera, Kuppacheera, Mullanchira, Serucira.
MARATHI: Lhanamat, Ran bhaji.
ORIYA: Levitiakoda.
PAKISTAN: Chourlaie.
PORTUGUESE: Cararu, Carurú-comum, Carurú-de-mancha, Carurú-de-porco, Carurú-de-soldado.
RUSSIAN: Shiritsa zelenaia.
SANSKRIT: Gandira, Thanduliya, Vishaghna.
SPANISH: Bledo, Quelite verd (Mexico).
TAMIL: Iruvati, Iruvatikkirai, Kollaikkirai, Kuppai keerai, Kuppaikkirai, Sinna keerai, Vakucakkirai.
TELUGU: Chailaka thot kura, Chilaka thotakoora.
THAI: Phak hom, Phak khom, Phak khom hat.
VIETNAMESE: Dền xanh.

Botany
Kolitis is an erect, smooth, branched unarmed herb, 30 to 60 centimeters high. Leaves are alternate, ovate, long-petioled, 4 to 10 centimeters long, obtuse tip, usually notched, base truncate or decurrent. Flowers are very small, densely disposed, green, 1 millimeter long. Sepals are 5, or 1 to 3, ovate to linear, often aristate. Inflorescences are terminal, axillary, simple or panicled, interrupted spikes. Fruits are compressed, indehiscent or circumcised utricles. Seeds are black or brown, orbicular.

Note: This herb differs from Amaranthus spinosus (Uray) in the absence of spines on the stems.

Distribution
- A common roadside weed on lowlands at low and medium altitudes.
- Probably introduced.
- Probably originated from America.
- Found in all warm countries.

Constituents
- The powdered leaves yield tannin, some reducing sugar and resin, but no alkaloid.
- Studies yielded amino acids lysine, arginine, histidine, cystine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan.
- Study yielded spinosterol (24-ethyl-22-dehydrolathosterol) as major component along with 24-methyllathosterol 24- ethyllathosterol, 24-methyl-22- dehydrolathosterol, 24-ethyl cholesterol and 24-ethyl-22-dehydrocholesterol as minor components in sterol fraction.
- Yields flavonoids, rutin, and quercetin.
- Roots yield a steroidal component, amasterol ( 24-methylene-20-hydroxycholesta- 5,7-dien-3β-ol).
- Analysis of leafy vegetable per 100gm: moisture 81.8, protein 5.2, fiber 6.1, fat 0.3, vitamin C 178mg; minerals 2.8g (calcium 33.0 mg, phosphorus 52.0 mg, iron 18.7 mg.); amino acids (arginine, histidine, lysine, methionine, cystine, phenylalanine, leucine, isoleucine, threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine, valine; and seeds with 14-16% protein and 4.7 to 7% fat.
- A. viridis was found to be an excellent source of protein; also contained considerable amounts of two fatty acids essential to humans (linoleic and α-linolenic) and a number of minerals including iron, magnesium, calcium, and zinc. (4)
- Nutrient analysis of A. viridis yielded protein 2.11%, crude fiber 1.93%, crude fat 0.47%, ash content 1.85%, moisture content 87.90%, carbohydrate content 7.67%, and calorific value of 43.35 kcal. Elemental analysis yielded calcium 330 mg/100 g, Fe 18.2, Ma 1842, P 52, K 3460, Na 108, Zn 10, Cu 300, Mn 8, Se 1.98, and Cr 0.92 mg. Antioxidant activity, IC50 µg ml-1 (DPPH method) was 28.92. (22)
- Nutrient analysis of amino acid content (mg/g dry weight) yielded aspartate 23.4, glutamate 31.1, serine 11.1, glycine12.3, histidine4.8, arginine 19.7, threonine 11.0, alanine 15.0, proline 12.4, tyrosine 9.9, valine 15.6, methionine 3.5, cysteine 4.6, isoleucine 13.1, leucine 21.4, phenylalanine 14.1, lysine 13.3, and tryptophan 3.8 for a total of 240 mg/g dry weight. (26)
- Study for nutrient content in A. viridis spinach chips yielded vitamin C 4.8 mg/100 g, Ca 814.9 mg/kg, Fe 27.4 mg/kg, and K 709.8 mg/kg, and retained nutrient value even though it was cooked as chips. (27)
- Plant yields various biologically active constituents viz. saponins, tannins and phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, cardiac glycoside, steroid and triterpenoids. (33)
- Study for mineral composition (ppm) yielded Mg 8255 ±6.10, Ca 15280 ±5.80, Cr 5.16 ± 0.05, Mn 108.10 ± 0.08, Fe 480 ± 3.20, Co 0.42 ± 0.11, Cu 12.44 ± 0.10. (34)
- Study for total phenolic content, Antioxidant activity and free radical scavenging activity yielded 36.0 ± 1.33 GAE mg/g, 1488.20 ± 50.01 FRAP µM FeSO4/g, 16.04 DPPH inhibition %, respectively. (34)

Properties
· Similar to Uray (A. spinosus).
· Febrifuge.
· Emollient (leaves).
· Considered emollient and vermifuge.

- Traditionally used as anti-inflammatory, diuretic, analgesic, antiulcer, antiemetic, laxative.
- Studies have suggest antimicrobial, antioxidant, antipyretic, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anthelmintic, cardioprotective, anti-diabetic, hypolipidemic, antiproliferative, antifungal, and wound healing properties.

Parts utilized
· Roots, leaves, stems, flowers.
· Harvest the root at any time of the year.
· Wash thoroughly, cut into pieces and sun-dry.

Uses
Edibility / Nutritional
- Leaves and seeds are edible.
- Eaten as vegetable.
- The tops are rich in calcium and iron. The plant is a good source of vitamins B and C.
- Study found it to be an excellent source of protein.
Folkloric
- The therapeutic properties and dosage are very nearly identical to Amaranthus spinosus.
(Uray)
- Philippine Negritos apply bruised leaves directly to eczema, psoriasis and rashes.
- Poultice of leaves for inflammations, boils and abscesses.
- Use for acne and for skin cleansing.
- Infusion of plant has been used as a diuretic and galactagogue.
- Used for snake bites and scorpion stings.
- Decoction of plant used for dysentery and inflammation.
- In Ayurveda, used for treatment of diabetes. Roots known for its antifertility activity.
- In India, stem used as antidote for snake bites. Leaves used for scorpion stings. Traditionally used for constipation, inflammation, eczema, bronchitis, anemia and leprosy.
- In Nepal, infusion of powdered seeds of flower used for stomach problems. Seeds also used in pregnant women to lessen labor pains.
- In Pakistan, powder of dried seeds of A. viridis, dried fruit of Ficus carica and sugar is taken orally with water to treat eye vision problems. (37)

Studies
Flavonoids / Rutin / Quercetin: Study yielded flavonoids quercetin and rutin. Flavonoids possess biochemical effects – inhibition of enzymes, hormone regulation, antimicrobial, antioxidant and anticancer activities, among other. Av presents itself as a good medicinal food. (3)
Antiviral: Edible Nigerian vegetables were evaluated for virucidal potential. Extract from four leaves, including A viridis, used as edible vegetables, were test for antiviral activity. All the extracts showed dose-dependent antiviral activity.
(2)
Antiviral Protein / Amaranthin: A ribosome-inactivating antiviral protein, amaranthin, was isolated from the leaves of Amaranthus viridis. Cytotoxicity of the amaranthin using in vitro translation inhibition assay was similar to that of pokeweed antiviral protein. (1)
Antinociceptive / Antipyretic: Study of methanolic extract of the whole plant of Amaranthus viridis in mice reveals dose-dependent antinociceptive and antipyretic activities. (5)
Pollen Grains / Allergenicity: Study concludes that airborne A. viridis pollen is the most prevalent pollen during August to November in the outdoor environment of Saudi Arabia, with a clear pattern of midday to early evening maxima. (6)
Anthelmintic: Three plants belonging to the Amaranthacea family – A spinosus, A caudatus and A viridis, traditionally used as vermicides, were studied for anthelmintic activity using earthworms (Pheretima posthuma). Study concludes all three plants possess potent anthelmintic activity compared to Piperazine. (7) Study of a methanolic extract of whole plant of A. viridis showed significant dose dependent anthelmintic activity against Pheretima posthuma. (17)
Antihyperglycemic / Hypolipidemic / Leaves: Study evaluated the antihyperglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of a methanolic extract of leaves in STZ-induced diabetic rats. Results showed reduction of elevated blood glucose level and lipid profile, similar to the standard drug glibenclamide.   (10)
Anti-Inflammatory: Study of various extracts of leaves were evaluated for anti-inflammatory activity in carrageenan induced paw edema and cotton pellet granuloma in rats. Results showed potent anti-inflammatory activity with significant dose-dependent reduction of edema induced by carrageenan. (11)
Antihyperglycemic / Hypolipidemic / Stems: Study investigated a stem aqueous extract for antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic effects in STZ-induced diabetic rats. Results showed decrease in blood glucose and dose-dependent modulated lipid profile changes in rats. (12)
Hepatoprotective / Antioxidant: Study evaluated a methanolic extract of whole plant in paracetamol -induced hepatotoxicity. Results showed liver protection activity against paracetamol-induced liver damage. The hepatoprotection was attributed to its antioxidant property. (13)
Cardioprotective / Amelioration of Isoproterenol-Induced Cardiac Toxicity: Study evaluated the antioxidant role of A. viridis against isoproterenol-induced oxidative dame in plasma and erythrocytes of rats. Results showed increase in antioxidant enzymes, reduced concentration of lipid peroxidation products. (15)
Airborne Allergenic Amaranthus viridis Pollen: Amaranthus pollen grains are known to be highly allergenic and a potential cause of respiratory allergic diseases. Study reveals A. viridis as a major component of outdoor airspora in Saudi Arabia constituting a major percentage of total pollen counts in various regions. (16) (20)
Preventive Role on C-Reactive Protein and Experimental MI: Study evaluated the preventive role of A. viridis on CRP, total protein, albumin, globulin, ceruloplasmin and glycoprotein in serum and heart of experimental induced myocardial infarction in male Wistar rats. Oral administration of A. viridis altered the metabolic derangements in ISO-induced MI in rats. (18)
Antioxidant / Anti-Amylase / Anti-Arthritic / Cytotoxic Properties: Study evaluated aqueous extracts of three green leafy vegetables (GLV) i.e. Amaranthus viridis, A. gangeticus and Anethum sowa for antioxidant, anti-amylase, anti-arthritic and cytotoxic properties. Phytochemical analysis yielded steroid, flavonoid, and saponins. Results showed antioxidant activity by DPPH and NO scavenging methods. They exhibited appreciable α-amylase inhibitory activity, good arthritic activity when compared to Diclofenac sodium, and by brine shrimp lethality assay showed moderate cytotoxic activity compared to standard vincristine sulfate. (19)
Antihyperglycemic / Hypolipidemic / Leaves: Study investigated the antihyperglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of methanolic extract of leaves of A. viridis in normal and STZ-induced diabetic rats. Results showed a statistically significant increase in body weight, decrease in blood glucose, total cholesterol, and serum triglycerides, with a significant increase in HDL. Histologically, there was less obvious focal pancreatic necrosis in the treated groups. (21)
Chromium Accumulation: Study investigated the accumulation of chromium and its effects on other mineral elements in Amaranthus viridis to understand why AV grows well in soils heavily contaminated with A. viridis. Results showed A. viridis could not be considered a chromium hyperaccumulator. It accumulates Cr mainly in the stems and leaves, but could not absorb and accumulate large amounts of Cr. A. viridis accumulated Cr primarily in shots, and concentrated it in roots. Effect on mineral elements are briefly discussed. (23)
Antimicrobial: Study investigated the antimicrobial potential of A. viridis ethanolic extracts against two Gram positive strains and four Gram negative bacterial strains. Results showed inhibitory activity against B. subtilis, E. coli, P. vulgaris and P. picketii. On testing against five different strains of fungal species, it showed moderate antifungal activity against Alternaria species and low activity against Aspergillus species. (24)
Wound Healing / Leaves : Study evaluated the wound healing potential of ethanolic extract of A. viridis leaves in diabetic rats in excision, incision, and dead space wound models. Rats treated with prepared ointments showed a significant (p <0.01) dose dependent increase in percentage wound closure, tensile strength, and hydroxyproline content of the granulation tissue. (25)
Protective Effect of Alkaloids Against Radical induced Oxidative Damage in Human RBC: Study confirmed the protective effect of partially purified alkaloids from A. viridis against hydrogen peroxide induced oxidative damage in human erythrocytes in vitro conditions. (28)
Phytoremediation / Oil Spills: Study showed Amaranthus viridis is an efficient hyperaccumulator and offers the best panacea to remediate vast oil spill lands especially in Niger Delta of Nigeria. Based on translocation values, A. viridis has the ability to absorb arsenic and cadmium. (29)
Antibacterial Ulcer / Leaves and Stems: Study evaluated different solvent extracts of A. viridis leaves and stems for antibacterial potential against gram-positive (S. aureus) and gram-negative (E. coli and K. pneumonia) bacteria. The solvent extracts showed significant variation in antimicrobial activities. The ethanol extract of stem and leaves showed greater antimicrobial activity. (30)
Anti-HMG-CoA Reductase / Hypocholesterolemic / Antioxidant / Anti-Inflammatory / Leaves: Stems: In a study of different parts of leaf, stem and seed of A. viridis, a leaf extract showed highest HMG-CoA reductase inhibitory activity (71%), good antioxidant activity (DPPH, NO, and ferric ion radicals) and effective inhibition of hyaluronidase, lipoxygenase and xanthine oxidase enzymes. Results suggest A. viridis leaf extract is a source of potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents and may modulate cholesterol metabolism by inhibition of HMG-Co! reductase. (31)
Abortifacient / Roots: An aqueous root extract of A. viridis was administered to female albino rats for 5 days from 11-15 days of pregnancy. Results showed an antifertility effect; the abortifacient activity was dose dependent, increasing with higher dose. (32)
• Antiproliferative / Leukemic Cell Lines / Antioxidant / Leaves: Study evaluated the antioxidant and antiproliferative effects of a 50% ethanolic extract of A. viridis leaves and stem. Phytochemical analysis yielded tannins, saponins, general glycosides, alkaloids, and terpenoids. The leaf extract showed significantly higher phenolic content and antioxidant activity than the stem extracts. MTT assay showed all extracts had antiproliferative activity against 3 human leukemic cell lines (Jurkat, CEM, and HL-60). (35)
• Toxicity Study / Leaves: Study evaluated the effect of 75% spiny amaranth leaves to female albino rats with regards body weight, liver and renal indices, hematologic and histologic responses. Rats fed with leaves showed decreased body weight compared to rats fed with a normal diet. Effect was attributed to antinutritional factors and non-palatability of the feed. Otherwise, results suggest spiny amaranth leaves have relatively low or no toxicity profile. (Note: This might be a misapplied study. The scientific name for spiny amaranth is Amaranthus spinosus. Amaranthus viridis has a common name of "green amaranth." G.Stuart) (see: Uray) (36)
• Hypolipidemic / Antioxidant / Acute Toxicity Study / Leaves: Study evaluated the in vitro antioxidant and hypolipidemic effect of ethanol extract of leaves in Wistar albino rats and mice models. Acute toxicity study showed an LD50 of 356.6 mg/kg of extract. Results showed a significant (p<0.05) decrease in total cholesterol, triglyceride, and LDL along with an increase in HDL. The extract also showed a concentration dependent increase in % scavenging activity on DPPH, NO, and anti-lipid peroxidation assays. Study suggests therapeutic potentials in the management of cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and associated complications caused by free radical generation and hyperlipidemia. (38)
• Antimicrobial Alkaloids: Study quantified alkaloids present in selected members of the Amarantheae family. Maximum percentage alkaloids were shown by A. tricolor, A. viridis, and A. caudatus (8-8.8%), and least by A. spinosus and A. dubius (5.8-6%). The isolated alkaloids showed antimicrobial activity and potential for use in formulation of drugs and antiseptics. (39)
• Laxative / Antimicrobial / Leaves and Roots: Study evaluated the laxative and antimicrobial activities of ethanol extracts of leaf and root of A. viridis in Wistar albino rats. Results showed laxative activity with a significant (p<0.05) dose dependent increase in faecal output at 200 and 400 mg/kg doses. The leaf and root extracts also showed dose dependent antimicrobial activity in all tested organisms. (40)
• Anticancer / Antioxidant / Anti-Inflammatory: Study evaluated ethyl ether and ethyl acetate extracts of A. viridis for antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer activity. The EA extract showed higher antioxidant activity than the EE extract. The EA extract showed strong anti-inflammatory activity on RAW 264.7 cells and greater anticancer activities against HT-29 and HepG2 cancer cells. (41)
• Anticancer / Human Colon Cancer HT-29 Cells: Study evaluated an ethyl ether fraction of A. viridis for in vitro anticancer activity against human colon cancer HT-29 cells. Results showed significant inhibition of HT-29 cell growth in a dose-dependent manner by inducing G0/G1 phase arrest and apoptosis. The inhibition was associated with intracellular reactive oxygen species generation. Results suggest potential application in the pharmaceutical industry. (42)

Availability
Wild-crafted. 

© Godofredo U. Stuart Jr., M.D.

Updated March 2018 / November 2016

Photos © Godofredo Stuart / StuartXchange
OTHER IMAGE SOURCE / Public Domain / File:Amaranthus viridis Blanco2.262.png / Flora de Filipinas / Franciso Manuel Blanco (OSA), 1880-1883 / Wikimedia Commons
SOURCES

Additional Sources and Suggested Readings
(1)
A ribosome-inactivating protein from Amaranthus viridis / Seok-Yoon Kwon, Chung Sun An, Jang Ryol Liu & Kyung-Hee Paek / Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry, 61:9, 1613-1614 / DOI: 10.1271/bbb.61.1613
(2)
Virucidal potential of some edible Nigerian vegetables
/ Obi R K, Iroagba I I and Ojiako O A / African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 5 (19), pp. 1785-1788, 2 October, 2006
(3)
Estimation of Rutin and Quercetin in Amaranthus viridis L by High Performance Layer Chromatography (HPLC) / Ashok Kumar et al / Ethnobotanical Leaflets 13: 437-42, 2009.
(4)
Analysis of nutritional components of eight famine foods of the Republic of Niger /
L P Sena et al / Plant Foods for Human Nutrition (Formerly Qualitas Plantarum) / Volume 52, Number 1 / March, 1998 / DOI 10.1023/A:1008010009170

(5)
Antinociceptive and Antipyretic Activities of Amaranthus Viridis Linn in Different Experimental Models / Bagepalli Srinivas Ashok Kumar et al / Avicenna J Med Biotech 2009; 1(3): 167-171
(6)
Prevalence of airborne allergenic Amaranthus viridis pollen in seven different regions of Saudi Arabia / Syed M Hasnain et al / ORIGINAL ARTICLE, 2007 | Volume : 27 | Issue : 4 | Page : 259-263
(7)
COMPARATIVE IN VITRO ANTHELMINTIC ACTIVITY OF THREE PLANTS FROM THE AMARANTHACEAE FAMILY / Ashok Kumar et al / Arch. Biol. Sci., Belgrade, 62 (1), 185-189, 2010 /DOI:10.2298/ABS1001185K
(8)
Amaranthus viridis L. (accepted name) / Chinese names / Catalogue of Life, China
(9)
Sorting Amaranthus names / Authorised by Prof. Snow Barlow / Maintained by: Michel H. Porcher / MULTILINGUAL MULTISCRIPT PLANT NAME DATABASE / Copyright © 1997 - 2000 The University of Melbourne.
(10)
Antihyperglycemic and hypolipidemic activity of methanolic extract of Amaranthus viridis leaves in experimental diabetes / Girija Krishnamurthy, Kuruba Lakshman, Nagaraj Pruthvi, and Pulla Udaya Chandrika / Indian J Pharmacol. 2011 Jul-Aug; 43(4): 450–454. / doi: 10.4103/0253-7613.83120
(11)
Effects of anti-inflammatory activity of Amaranthus viridis Linn. / Sravan Prasad Macharla*,Venkateshwarlu Goli, K Vijaya Bhasker, P. Suvarna Devi, Ch. Dhanalakshmi, Ch. Sanjusha / Annals of Biological Research, 2011, 2 (4) : 435-438
(12)
Antidiabetic and antihyperlipidaemic potential of Amaranthus viridis (L.) Merr. in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats / Ramdas Pandhare,* Sangameswaran Balakrishnan, Popat Mohite, Shantaram Khanage / S180 Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease (2012)S180-S185
(13)
Hepatoprotective and Antioxidant Activities of Amaranthus viridis Linn / Ashok Kumar BS*, Lakshman K, Narayan Swamy VB, Arun Kumar PA, Sheshadri Shekar D, Manoj B, Vishwantha GL / Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences. 2011 Jun 15; 4(2):125-130. / doi:10.3889/MJMS.1857-5773.2011.0163
(14)
PHYTOCHEMICAL STUDIES AND EVALUATION OF LEAVES OF AMARANTHUS VIRIDIS (AMARANTHACEAE) FOR ANTIDIABETIC ACTIVITY / N.PRUTHVI / Dissertation / 2010
(15)
Amaranthus viridis Linn extract ameliorates isoproterenol-induced cardiac toxicity in rats by stabilizing circulatory antioxidant system / Ganapathy Saravanan, Ponnusamy Ponmurugan. / Oxid Antioxid Med Sci. 2012; 1(1): 69-73 / doi: 10.5455/oams.060312.or.002
(16)
Prevalence of airborne allergenic Amaranthus viridis pollen in seven different regions of Saudi Arabia / Syed M. Hasnain, Khatija Fatima, Abdulrahman Al-Frayh / Ann Saudi Med 27(4) July-August 2007
(17)
IN VITRO ANT PROPERTIY OF METHANOL EXTRACT OF AMARANTHUS VIRIDIS Linn / Ashok Kumar, B. S.; Lakshman, K.; Jayaveera, K. N.; Ranganayakulu, D.; Manoj, B./ Electronic Journal of Environmental, Agricultural & Food Chemist;Jun2010, Vol. 9 Issue 6, p1093
(18)
Amaranthus viridis Linn., a common spinach, modulates C-reactive protein, protein profile, ceruloplasmin and glycoprotein in experimental induced myocardial infarcted rats / Ganapathy Saravanan* andPonnusamy Ponmurugan / Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, Volume 92, Issue 12, pages 2459–2464, September 2012 / DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.5652
(19)
In-Vitro Anti-Oxidant, Anti-Amylase, Anti-Arthritic and Cytotoxic Activity of Important Commonly Used Green Leafy Vegetables / Vivek Kumar R*, Satish kumar, Shashidhara S, Anitha S / Int.J. PharmTech Res.2011,3(4)
(20)
Cardioprotective activity of Amaranthus viridis Linn: Effect on serum marker enzymes, cardiac troponin and antioxidant system in experimental myocardial infarcted rats / G. Saravanan, P. Ponmurugan, M. Sathiyavathi, S. Vadivukkarasi, S. Sengottuvelu / International Journal of Cardiology, Volume 165, Issue 3, Pages 494–498, 2013 / DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2011.09.005
(21)
Antihyperglycemic and hypolipidemic activity of methanolic extract of Amaranthus viridis leaves in experimental diabetes / Girija Krishnamurthy, Kuruba Lakshman, Nagaraj Pruthvi, and Pulla Udaya Chandrika / Indian J Pharmacol. 2011 Jul-Aug; 43(4): 450–454. / doi: 10.4103/0253-7613.83120
(22)
Nutrient Content, Mineral Content and Antioxidant Activity of Amaranthus viridis and Moringa oleifera Leaves
/ Nisha Sharma, Prakash Gupta, Ch V Rao / Research Journal of Medicinal Plant 03/2012; 6(3). / DOI: 10.3923/rjmp.2012.253.259
(23)
CHROMIUM ACCUMULATION AND ITS EFFECTS ON OTHER MINERAL ELEMENTS IN AMARANTHUS VIRIDIS L. / JINHUA ZOU, MIN WANG, WUSHENG JIANG, AND DONGHUA LIU* / ACTA BIOLOGICA CRACOVIENSIA Series Botanica 48/1: 7–12, 2006
(24)
Analysis of antimicrobial activity of medicinal plant Amaranthus viridis / Sumaira Sarwar, Maimoona Sabir, S. Sajid Raza, and S. A. Malik / International Journal of Innovation and Scientific Research, Vol. 20 No. 2 Feb. 2016, pp. 494-499
(25)
Evaluation of the wound-healing potential of Amaranthus viridis (Linn.) in experimentally induced diabetic rats / Himanshu Bhusan Sahoo, Saroj Kumar Sahoo, Kirtimaya Mishra, Rakesh Sagar / International Journal of Nutrition, Pharmacology, Neurological Diseases, Vol 5, Issue 2, pp 50-55 (2015) / DOI: 10.4103/2231-0738.153792
(26)
Analysis of nutritional components of eight famine foods of the Republic of Niger / L.P. SENA, D.J. VANDERJAGT, C. RIVERA, A.T.C. TSIN, I. MUHAMADU, O. MAHAMADOU, M. MILLSON, A. PASTUSZYN and R.H. GLEW / Plant Foods for Human Nutrition 52: 17–30, 1998.
(27)
Determination of vitamin C and minerals from spinach (Amaranthus viridis) chips for nutrients facts
Nurhazwani , Musa (2012) Determination of vitamin C and minerals from spinach (Amaranthus viridis) chips for nutrients facts
/ Nurudin Nasir / Project paper (Bachelor of Applied Science (Honours) in Industrial Chemistry) -- Universiti Malaysia Pahang – 2012
(28)
Protective Effect of Alkaloids from Amaranthus Viridis Linn. Against Hydrogen Peroxide Induced Oxidative Damage in Human Erythrocytes (RBC) / Vadivukkarasi Sasikumar*, Arunambiga Subramaniam, Anila Aneesh and Ganapathy Saravanan / Int J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1(2): 049-053.
(29)
Phytoremediation Study of Oil Spill Site Using Common Nigerian Vegetables / Oti, Wilberforce J. O / International Journal of Research in Science Vol 1(3) Oct-Dec 2015
(30)
Antibacterial Activity of Amaranthus Viridis / Kausar Malik, Farkhanda Nawaz and Numrah Nisar / Bull. Env. Pharmacol. Life Sci., Vol 5 [4] March 2016: 76-80
(31)
Anti-HMG-CoA Reductase, Antioxidant, and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Amaranthus viridis Leaf Extract as a Potential Treatment for Hypercholesterolemia / Shamala Salvamani, Baskaran Gunasekaran, Mohd Yunus Shukor, Noor Azmi Shaharuddin, Mohd Khalizan Sabullah, and Siti Aqlima Ahmad / Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, Volume 2016 (2016) /
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/8090841
(32)
Abortifacient Effect of Amaranthus viridis L. Aqueous Root Extract on Albino Rats / U R Kanerkar, P Y Bhogaonkar and N H indurwade / Asian Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2015.
(33)
Present Biological Status of Potential Medicinal Plant of Amaranthus viridis: A Comprehensive Review
/ Md Reyad-ul Ferdous, D M Shamin Shahjahan, Sharif Tanvir, Mohsina Mukti / DOI: 10.11648/j.ajcem.s.2015030501.13
(34)
Chemical composition of selected Saudi medicinal plants / Ihsanullah Daur / Arabian Journal of Chemistry, Vol 8, Issue 3, May 2015: pp 329-332
(35)
ANTI-PROLIFERATIVE EFFECT OF AMARANTHUS VIRIDIS LINN. ON HUMAN LEUKEMIC CELL LINES - A PRELIMINARY STUDY / Larbie Christopher, Appiah-Opong Regina, Acheampong Felix, Tuffour Isaac, UtoTakuhiro, Tor kornoo Dennis, Marfo Edward, Ankamah-Mensah Daniel, Opoku-Mensah Eunice and Abotsi Perfect / International Journal of Biological & Pharmaceutical Research.. 2015; 6(3): pp 236 - 243.
(36)
Toxicity Studies of Amaranth viridis Linn (Spiny Amaranth) Using Albino Rats / K. J. Umar, L. G. Hassan, S.M. Dangoggo, S.A. Maigandi, S. Muhammad / International Journal of Sciences: Basic and Applied Research (IJSBAR) (2015) Vol 20, No 1: pp 368-377
(37)
Herbal medicines used to cure various ailments by the inhabitants of Abbottabad district, North West Frontier Province, Pakistan
/ Arshad Mehmood Abbasi*, Mir Ajab Khan, Mushtaq Ahmed & Muhammad Zafar / Indian Journal Of Traditional Knowledge, Vol. 9(1), January 2010: pp. 175-183
(38)
In vitro antioxidant activity and hypolipidemic effects of ethanol extract of Amaranthus viridis leaves on hyperlipidemic Wistar albino rats / Omodamiro O D, Jimoh M A and Ezurike P U / 2nd International Conference & Expo on Biopharmaceutics and Biologic Drugs, September 14-16, 2016 San Antonio, USA
(39)
Antimicrobial activity of Amaranth Alkaloid against pathogenic microbes / Pinkie Cherian and D Sheela / International Journal of Herbal Medicine 2016; 4(5): 70-72
(40)
Laxative and antimicrobial activities of ethanolic extract of leaf and roots from Amaranthus viridis L. on wistar albino rats / Omodamiro Olorunshola Dave amd Ajah Obinna / Journal of Medicinal Botany, Vol 1 (2017) / DOI: https://doi.org/10.25081/jmb.2017.v1.577
(41)
Antioxidant, Antiinflammatory and Anticancer Activities of Amaranthus viridis L. Extracts / YING-SHAN JIN, YONGHAO XUAN, MANLI CHEN, JINCHUAN CHEN, YUNZHE JIN, JIYU PIAO and JUN TAO / Asian Journal of Chemistry; Vol 25, No 16 (2013): pp 8901-8904
(42)
Anticancer Activities of Extract from Amaranthus viridis L. / Ying-Shan Jin, Chun-Mei Li, Yong-Hao Xuan, Yin-Zhe Jin, Man-Li Chen, Kyung-Ho Row / Asian Journal of Chemistry,  Oct 2013, Vol. 25 Issue 14: pp 7857-7860.

It is not uncommon for links on studies/sources to change. Copying and pasting the information on the search window or using the DOI (if available) will often redirect to the new link page.
Potential Herbal Medicines and Drug Interactions
Latest Updated Tagalog and English Lists of Philippine Medicinal Plants

Bahay Kubo

The Illustrated Medicinal Plant Song
Alternative Medicine Dictionary
Dialect and Language Abbreviations for Sources of Common and Local Names
Plant Names
List of Philippine Medicinal Plants with Chinese Names
HOME      •      SEARCH      •      EMAIL    •     ABOUT