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Family Moraceae
Kubi
Artocarpus nitidus Trécul
Guang ye gui mu

Scientific names Common names
Artocarpus lamellosus Blanco Butong (Tag.) ?
Artocarpus lanceolatus Trécul Kubi (Tag.)
Artocarpus nitidus Trecul Shiny tampang (Engl.)
Artocarpus nitidus subsp. nitidus  
Saccus lanceolatus Kuntze  
Infraspecific taxa  
A. nitidus subsp. lingnanensis (Merr.) F.M.Jarrett  
Artocarpus nitidus subsp. nitidus is a synonym of Artocarpus nitidus Trécul The Plant List
Artocarpus nitidus Trécul is an accepted name. The Plant List

Other vernacular names
BORNEO: Ara, Beruni sisek, Burini, Burini, Karon, Kedang, Selangkin, Tampang.
CHINESE: Hong gui mu, Gunag ye gui mu.
INDONESIA: Dadak, Empaka, Karon, Selangkin, Taburakin.
MALAYSIA: Tampang.
THAI: Mahat-khoe.
VIETNAMESE: Mit nho.

General info
Artocarpus is a genus of about 60 trees of Southeast Asian and Pacific origin, belonging to the family Moraceae.

Botany
Kubi is a medium-sized tree growing to a height of 15 meters. Bark is black to brown, longitudinally fissured. Branchlets are cylindric, wrinkled, 2 to 3 millimeters thick, appressed puberulent, rapidly glabrescent. Leaves are oblong-ovate, acute, up to 12 centimeters long and 5 centimeters wide. with prominent veins. Flowers are small. Fruits are irregularly-shaped, 4 to 8 centimeters in diameter, several seeded and covered with yellowish brown or gray tomentum.

Distribution
- Artocarpus nitidus is found in China, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam and the Philippines.
- A. nitidus subsp. nitidus is restricted to the Philippines, and found in thickets and forests at low and medium altitudes in Luzon, Mindanao, and Cebu.

Constituents
- Study isolated 2 new isoprenylated 2-arylbenzofurans, artonitidin A and artonitidin B together with 14 known compounds, 3–16, were isolated from the stems.
- Study of the stems of A. nitidus subsp. lingnanensis yielded a stilbene possessing a g-aminobutyric acid lactam function, artocarpene, and a new flavanone, 2-hydroxynaringenin 4′-O-β-d-glucopyranoside, along with four known compounds.
- Artocarpus species are noted as an abundant source of phenolic constituents, viz., isoprenylflavonoids, stilbenoid and 2-arylbenzofuran derivatives, phenolic compounds.
- Study of yielded two new isoprenylated 2-arylbenzofurans, artonitidin A and artonitidin B, together with 14 known compounds. Compounds 3-16 were isolated from the stems. (see study below) (1)
- Study of stems of A. nitidus subsp. lingnanensis yielded a new flavan-3-ol, artoflavanocoumarin, along with three known compounds (+)-catechin, (+)-afzelechin 3-O-a-L-rhamnoside, and (+)-catechin-3-O-a-L-rhannoside. (8)
- Study of stems isolated the first stilbene possessing a y-aminobutyric acid lactam function, artocarpene (1), and a new flavanone, 2-hydroxynaringenin 4'-O-ß-D-glucopyranoside (2) along with four known compounds,  2-hydroxynaringenin (3), oxyresveratrol (4), 3,4′,5-trihydroxy-3′-prenylstilbene (5) and norartocarpetin (6). (see study below) (9)
- Study of stems isolated two new isoprenylated 2-arylbenzofurans, artonitidin A (1) andn artonitidin B (2), along with 14 known compounds (3-16). (see study below) (10)

Properties
- Studies have shown antioxidant, cytotoxic, pancreatic lipase inhibitory, tyrosinase and collagenase inhibitory properties.

Parts used
Fruit.

Uses

Edibility
- Fruit, raw, with sweet, orange-coloured pulp.
- Bark and roots chewed as masticatory along with betel. (13
Ken Fern)
Folkloric
- No reported folkloric medicinal use in the Philippines.
- Elsewhere, fruit used medicinally.
Others
- Wood: Used for house construction, decorative furniture, making blow pipes, gun handles, joinery and paneling..
(6)

Studies

Arylbenzofurans / Pancreatic Lipase Inhibitors / Stems: Study isolated 2 new isoprenylated 2-arylbenzofurans, artonitidin A and artonitidin B together with 14 known compounds; compounds 3–16 were isolated from the stems. The structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods. Five compounds viz. norartocarpin (3), cudraflavone C (5), brosimone I (8), artotonkin (11), albanin A (13), and artopetelin M (14) showed inhibitory effects on pancreatic lipase wth IC50s ranging from 1.8±0.1 to 63.8±3.6 µM.
(1)
Antioxidant / Cytotoxicity / Stems: Study of the stems of A. nitidus subsp. lingnanensis yielded a stilbene possessing a g-aminobutyric acid lactam function, artocarpene, and a new flavanone, 2-hydroxynaringenin 4′-O-β-d-glucopyranoside, along with four known compounds. Compound 1, artocarpene, showed weak antioxidant activity and compound 2 exhibited weak cytotoxicity against human lung cancer A549 cell line. (4)
Stilbenes and Flavonoids / Antioxidant / Cytotoxicity / Stems: Study of stems isolated the first stilbene possessing a y-aminobutyric acid lactam function, artocarpene (1), and a new flavanone, 2-hydroxynaringenin 4'-O-ß-D-glucopyranoside (2) along with four known compounds. Compound 1 showed weak antioxidant activity and 2 dislayed weak cytotoxicity against human lung cancer A54 cell line. (see constituents above) (9)
Pancreatic Lipase Inhibitory / Stems: Study of stems isolated two new isoprenylated 2-arylbenzofurans, artonitidin A (1) andn artonitidin B (2), along with 14 known compounds (3-16). Norartocarpin (3), cudraflavone C (5), brosimone (8), artotonkin (11), albanin A (13) and artopetelin M (14) showed inhibitory effects on pancreatic lipase with IC50 values ranging from 1.8 ± o.1 to 63.8 ± 3.6 µM.. (10)
Cloning of a Novel Lectin / Apoptosis Induction in Human B-Lymphoma Cells: Study isolated a novel lectin from A. nitidus subsp. lingnanensis (ALL) and showed its mitogenic activities. The ALL shares high sequence similarities with jacalin and Moinga G and belongs to jacalin-related lectin family. The antitumor activity of ALL was evaluated using Raji, a human B-lymphoma cell line. ALL nhibited Raji cell roliferation in a time- and dose-dependent manner through apoptosis. Also, the activation of p38 mitrogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways is required for the pro-apoptotic activity of ALL. (11)
Antioxidant / Tyrosinase and Collagenase Inhibitory Activity: Study isolated the antioxidative and inhibitory ativity of tyrosinase and collagenase for solvent extracts and silica column fractions. LC/MS analysis showed the major component of fractions were polyphenol with a total polyphenol extract content of 48.1 ± 2.6 mg GAE/g. Radical scavenging activity for DPPH showed for the extract, fraction 1 and 2 were 16.7, 42.0, and 10.1 µg/mL, respectively. Tyrosinase inhibitory activity of extracts and fractions showed IC50 of 64.9, 0.9, and 1.2 µg/mL, respectively, with activity higher than kojic acid and arbutin. For collagenase inhibitory activity, samples showed IC50s of 139.8, 20.6, and 16.8 µg/mL, respectively. Resutts usggest potential use as cosmetic material for antioxidant, skin whitening, and skin-aging prevention without adverse effects. (12)

Availability
Wild-crafted.

                                               Abuse and Plagiarism of the Compilation on Philippine Medicinal Plants
                                                                                        Under the Guise of Fair Use

Updated September 2020 / August 2016
March 2012

                                                    PHOTOS / ILLUSTRATIONS
IMAGE SOURCE: Fruits and Leaves at Lahaina, Maui / Artocarpus nitidus subsp. lingnanensis / Forest and Kim Starr / Creative Commons Attribution 3.0/ click on image to go to source page / alterVISTA
OTHER IMAGE SOURCE: / Photo / Artocarpus nitidus / Fruit / © 2017 by P B Pelser & J F Barcelona / (contact: pieter.pelser@canterbury.ac.nz) [ref. DOL52015] / click on image to go to source page / Phytoimages.siu.edu
OTHER IMAGE SOURCE: / Photo / A. nitidus / Leaves / Fig mimic / click on image to go to source page / © THE FIGS OF BORNEO

Additional Sources and Suggested Readings
(1)
New Isoprenylated 2-Arylbenzofurans and Pancreatic Lipase Inhibitory Constituents from Artocarpus nitidus / Ting Zhao, Gui-Rui Yan, shen-Li Pan, He-Yao Wang, al-Jun Hou / Chemistry & Biodiversity, Volume 6, Issue 12, pages 2209–2216, December 2009 / DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.200900130
(2)
Artocarpus nitidus / Chinese Plant Names / eFloras
(3)
Artocarpus nitidus Tréc (accepted name) / Catalogue of Life, China 2010
(4)
Stilbenes and flavonoids from Artocarpus nitidus subsp. lingnanensis / Huihui Ti, Ping Wu, Lidong Lin, Xiaoyi Wei / Fitoterapia, Volume 82, Issue 4, June 2011, Pages 662–665
(5)
CHEMICAL AND PAF ACTIVITY OF SEVERAL MALAYSIAN ARTOCARPUS / Prof. Dr. Hasnah M. Sirat and Dr. Shajarahtunnur Jamil /
(6)
Artocarpus nitidus / Ken Fern: Tropical Plant Database /Useful Tropical Plants
(7)
Artocarpus nitidus Trécul / Synonyms / The Plant List
(8)
A new flavan-3-ol from Artocarpus nitidus subsp. lingnanensis. / Hui-Hui Ti, Li-Dong Lin, Wen-Bing Ding, Xiao-Yi Wei / J Asian Nat Prod Res, 2012; 14(6): pp 555-558 / http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10286020.2012.680441
(9)
Stilbenes and flavonoids from Artocarpus nitidus subsp. lingnanensis / Huihui Ti, Xiaoyi Wei et al / Fitoterapia, June 2011; 82(4): pp 662-66 / https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2011.02.001
(10)
New Isoprenylated 2‐Arylbenzofurans and Pancreatic Lipase Inhibitory Constituents from Artocarpus nitidus / Ting Zhao, Gui-Rui Yan, Sheng-Li Pan, He-Yao Wang, Ai-Jun Hou / Chemistry & Biodiveristy, Dec 2009; 6(12) / https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.200900130
(11)
Cloning of a novel lectin from Artocarpus lingnanensis that induces apoptosis in human B-lymphoma cells / Yu Luo, Xiaoqin Liu, Faquan Lin, Liejun Liao, Yong Deng, Linjie Zeng et al / Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry, 2018; 82(2) / https://doi.org/10.1080/09168451.2017.1415127
(12)
Studies on Antioxidant Activity and In Vitro Inhibitory Activity of Tyrosinase and Collagenase in Artocarpus nitidus subsp. lingnaensis (Merr.) F.M. Jarrett using 4 Parameter Logistic / Kwang-Hee Song, Yooung Kook Kim, Sangho Choi, Zhiyun Zhang, Dong-Ha Shin, Jong Suk Lee, Ho-Yong Park / Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea, 2019; 45(2): pp 161-173 / eISSN: 2288-9507 / https://doi.org/10.15230/SCSK.2019.45.2.161




                                                                          DOI
It is not uncommon for links on studies/sources to change. Copying and pasting the information on the search window or using the DOI (if available) will often redirect to the new link page. (Citing and Using a (DOI) Digital Object Identifier)

α(5)
                                                            List of Understudied Philippine Medicinal Plants

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