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Family Athyriaceae
Pako
Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw.

VEGETABLE FERN
Guo gou cai jue

Scientific names  Common names 
Anisogonium esculentum (Retz.) C. Presl. Pako (Bik., Ilk., Pamp.,Bis., Tag.) 
Anisogonium serampurens C. Presl. Paco (Tag.)
Anisogonium serampurens C. Presl. Tagabas (Tag.) 
Asplenium ambiguum Sw. Edible fern (Engl.)
Asplenium bipinnatum Roxb. Fiddlehead fern (Engl.)
Asplenium esculentum (Retz.) C. Presl. Fresh-lady fern (Engl.)
Asplenium malabaricum (Spreng.)Mett. Vegetable fern (Engl.)
Asplenium manilense Spreng.  
Asplenium moritzii Mett.  
Asplenium proliferum Wall.  
Asplenium puberulum Wall.  
Asplenium serrulatum C.Presl  
Asplenium umbrosum Mett.  
Asplenium vitiense Baker  
Athyrium ambiguum (Sw.) Milde  
Athyrium esculentum (Retz.) Copel.  
Athyrium serrulatum Milde  
Calipteris ambigua (Sw.) T. Moore  
Calipteris esculenta (Retz.) J. Sm.  
Calipteris esculenta var. pubescens (Link) Ching  
Calipteris malabarica (Spreng.) J. Sm.  
Calipteris serampurens Fée  
Calipteris serrulata Fée  
Calipteris wallichii J.Sm.  
Diagrammaria ambigua (Sw.) Hook.  
Diplazium ambiguum (Sw.) Hook.  
Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw.  
Diplazium esculentum var. pubescens (Link) Tardieu & C.Chr.  
Diplazium malabaricum Spreng.  
Diplazium manilense (Spreng.) C.Chr.  
Diplazium pubescens Link  
Diplazium serampurense Spreng.  
Diplazium umbrosum Moritz.  
Diplazium vitiense (Baker) Carruth.  
Gymnogramma edulis Ces.  
Hemionitis esculenta Retz.  
Hemionitis incisa Blanco  
Microstegia ambigua (Sw.) C.Presl.  
Microstegia esculenta (Retz.) C.Presl.  
Microstegia pubescens (Link) C.Presl.  
Microstegia serrulata C.Presl.  
Pako and its variations is a local name shared by many medicinal plants: (1) Pako - Athyrium esculentum (2) Pakong-alagdan - Blechnum orientale (3) Pakong-anuanag, pako, buhok-virgin, dila-dila - Onychium siliculosum (4) Pakong-gubat, pakong kalabao, Pityrogramma calomelanos (5) Pakong-parang - Pteris ensiformis (6) Pakong-roman - Ceratopteris thalictroides. (7) Pakong-tulog, pakong-cipres, Selaginella tamariscina (8) Pakong buwaya - Cyathea contaminans.
Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw. is an accepted species. KEW: Plants of the World Online

Other vernacular names
BENGALI: Dhenkir shaak, Dheki shak.
CHINESE: Guo gou cai jue, Kuo kuo ch'ai ch'ueh.
FRENCH: Fougere a legume.
HAWAIIAN: Ho'i'o
INDIA: Linguda, Kothira, Moikhandol, Dhekia, Dung-kek, Kari-welli-panna-maravara, Kasrot, Kukari-sag, Mairungshai, Para-panna-maravara, Kathura.
INDONESIA: Paku-sayur, Paku beunyeur, Pakis, Pakis wilis.
JAPANESE: Kuware-shida.
MALAYSIA: Paku, Paku tanjong, Paku benar, Pucuk paku.
NEPALI: Dhekia, Paninyuro, Piraunli, Sylheti.
PAPUA NEW GUINEA: Sigogo.
THAILAND: Phak kuut khaao, Hasdam, Kuut khue, Kut-kin, Phak koot.

Gen info
- Diplazium comprises more than 350 species of pteridophytes, distributed all over the tropical and subtropical rain forests of the world.
- Etymology: The genus Diplazium derives from Greek diplazein meaning 'double', referring to the indusia that lie on both sides of the vein. The specific epithet esculentum derives from Latin esculentus, meaning "edible".

Botany
Pako is a terrestrial fern with a creeping rhizome and stout black roots on the under-surface. Compactly situated leaves are borne spirally, reaching a height of 1 meter or more. Rhizome bears narrow, tapering toothed scales, about 1 centimeter long. Leaves are 2- or 3-pinnate; 50 to 80 centimeters long; the pinnules are lanceolate, 5 centimeters long, and rather coarsely toothed. Sori are superficial and elongate, arranged in pairs on the side of the veins or veinlets.

Distribution
- Native to the Philippines.
- Widely distributed in the Philippines, common on gravel bars and banks of streams.

- Also native to Andaman Is., Assam, Bangladesh, Bismarck Archipelago, Borneo, Cambodia, China, Fiji, Hainan, Himalaya, India, Japan, Jawa, Laos, Lesser Sunda Is., Malaya, Maluku, Myanmar, Nansei-shoto, Nepal, New Guinea, Nicobar Is., Pakistan, Samoa, Solomon Is., Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Tibet, Vanuatu, Vietnam. (12)

Constituents
- Rich in micronutrients, beta-carotene, folic acid, minerals (Ca, Fe, and P). Anti-nutritional factors like phytic acids, trypsin, and tannins are present, but in quite safe quantities. (13)
- Study of fresh plant samples yielded 91.82% moisture, 1.42% ash, 0.28% crude fat, 0.87% crude protein, and 0.72% crude fiber. Oven dried samples yielded 17.39% ash,3.40% crude fat, 0.87% crude protein, and 9.06% crude fiber. (19)
- Qualitative analysis of ethanol and aqueous leaf extracts yielded alkaloids, reducing sugars, anthraquinones, anthranol glycosides, cyanidins, phenols, saponins, and proteins.
Cardiac glycosides, leucoanthocyanins, phytosterols, diterpenes, and triterpenes were detected only in the ethanol extract. Total phenolic contents were 125.60 ± 13.44 and 11.65 ± 0.87 mg gallic acid equivalents and total flavonoid contents were 110.81 ± 11.16 and 16.21 ± 0.72 mg quercetin equivalents per 100 g air-dried sample for ethanol and aqueous extracts, respectively. (19)
- GC-MS analysis of rhizomes yielded 18 compounds: Tetradecanoic acid, N-hexadecanoic acid, Octadecane, Pentadecanoic acid, Hexahydrofarnesyl acetone, Pentadecanoic acid, Docosane, N hexadecanoic acid, octadecanoic acid, Octadecane, 5-methyl, Hexadecanoic acid, 2hydroxy 1 ethyl ester, Hexacotaine, Tetracosane, 1-Tricosane, 10-Methyl-Octadec-1-ene, Tetra pentacotane. (see study below) (21)
- Phytochemical evaluation of leaf extracts yielded flavonoids, steroids, carbohydrates, glycosides, alkaloids, proteins and phenolic compounds. (see study below) (22)
- Phytochemical screening of an ethanol extract showed the presence of saponin glycosides, flavonoids, proteins, and fixed oils. (see study below) (28)
- Nutrient content of hot air oven dried green leafy vegetable (g/100g) yielded edible portion of 54 g, ash 14.42g, moisture 71.74 g, lipid 0.34 g, crude protein 18.32 g, carbohydrate 5.45 g, crude fiber 4.45 g, calorific value 195 kcal. Miscellaneous values were ascorbic acid 23.59 mg/100g, ß-carotenoid 4.65 mg/100g, antioxidant activity by DPPH 94.94 % inhibition, and phenolic content of 2.39 mg/g. (31)
- Mineral content (mg/100g) of hot air oven dried green leafy vegetable yielded iron 38.20, zinc 4.30, copper 1.70, manganese 21.11, sodium 29.00, potassium 74.46, calcium 52.66, and magnesium 15.30. Antinutritional content (mg/100g) yielded oxalic acid 1.72, tannin 10.19, and phytic acid 103.16. (31)
- Study for trace elements in roots (R) and leaves (L) in riverside (r) and farmland (f) (µg/g dry weight) yielded aluminum 288.9 Rr / 158.4 Rf and 6.3 Lr / 3.9 Lf; iron 162.5 Rr / 438.5 Rf and 3.3 Lr / 3.1 Lf; manganese 14.1 Rr / 8.2 Rf and 1.5 Lr / 2.0 Lf. (35)
- Study of leaves for essential oil yielded major volatile compounds of ß-pinene (17.2%), α-pinene (10.5%), caryophyllene oxide (7.5%), sabinene (6.1%), and 1,8-cineole (5.8%). The EO was composed of monoterpene hydrocarbons, oxygenated sesquiterpenoids, sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, oxygenated monoterpenoids, and nonterpene derivatives. (39)
- Qualitative screening yielded flavonoids, polyphenols, alkaloids, terpenoids, and saponins in aqueous extracts with boiled or brewed method, while ethanol extracts yielded polyphenols, alkaloids, terpenoids, and saponins. (41)

Properties
- Studies have shown antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticoagulative, antidiabetic, immunosuppressive, antimalarial, antileishmanial, anthelmintic, mast cell stabilizing, antipyretic, antidiarrheal, anthelmintic, analgesic, antianaphylactic, photocatalytic, biosorbent, CNS stimulant, antiarthritic, glucosidase inhibitory, antifertility, anticholinesterase, diuretic, hepatoprotective properties.

Parts utilized
Rhizomes and young leaves.

Uses
Edibility
· Diplazium esculentum is the most popular and most palatable vegetable fern in South East Asia.
· Young fronds are eaten as a leafy vegetable, raw, blanched, boiled, or stir-fried; as an ingredient in salads or stews.
· A good source of calcium, phosphorus, iron and vitamin B.
Folkloric
· D. esculentum has been used in traditional medicine for prevention or treatment of diabetes, smallpox, asthma, diarrhea, rheumatism, dysentery, headache, fever, wounds, hypertension, glandular swellings, etc.
· Decoction of D. esculentum is used by women as a tonic after childbirth.
(36)
· Decoction of the rhizomes and young leaves, simple or sugared, used for hemoptysis and coughs.
· In India, boiled young fronds taken with boiled rice as vegetables for laxative effect.
· In Western Ghats, India, juice from leaves taken orally twice daily for colds and cough. (29)
· Leaves used for headache, pain, fever, wounds, dysentery, diarrhea, and various skin infections.
· Aerial parts used to treat hemoptysis and coughs; rhizomes used for diarrhea, dysentery and coughs; leaves used to treat fever, dermatitis, measles, coughs, and as postpartum tonic; rots used for fever, dermatitis and as hair tonic. (24)
- The Sundanese in Indonesia wear the wiry roots in the hair to stimulate hair growth. (36)
Others
· Gardening: Wiry roots sold as "osmunda roots" for growing orchids, esp. Cattleyas.
· Livestock: Mature fronds used as fodder. () In Assam, India, used for treating hump sores in domestic animals.
· Insecticidal: Dried rhizomes reported to repel insects and pests.

Studies
Antimicrobial: In a study of ethanol extracts of 19 Malaysian traditional vegetables, six extracts, including Diplazium esculentum, showed antimicrobial activity. (2)
Antioxidant:
In a study of the antioxidant activity of shoots of three selected local vegetables, results showed significant differences in the boiled and fresh samples of the vegetables. D. esculentum rated 2nd (fresh) and 5th (boiled). (3)
Antifungal:
In a study of the methanolic extracts of leaves, stems and roots of four ferns for activity against A. niger, R stolonifer and Candida albicans, results showed a broad spectrum of antifungal activity for D. esculentum leaves. (4) In a study of eight species of medicinal plants, a choloroform extract of D. esculentum demonstrated fungistatic activity against all fungi with MIC values ranging from 0.02 to 2.50 mg/ml. (24)
Antibacterial:
Study of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of DE showed activity against human and plant pathogenic bacteria like E. coli, Salmonella arizonae, S. typhi, Staph aureus. Tetracycline was the reference standard antibiotic. All extracts mixed in equal proportion with the antibiotic were more effective against the bacteria than the antibiotic alone. (5)
Fern Toxin / Ptaquiloside (Pta):
Pta, a nor-sesquiterpenoid glycoside is considered clastogenic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic. A few samples of Diplazium esculentum showed moderate levels, while most samples had no detectable Pta presence. (6)
Anti-Anaphylactic / Mast Cell Stabilizing Activity:
Study evaluated the anti-anaphylactic and mast cell stabilizing activity of Diplazium esculentum in sensitized rats. Aqueous and ethanol extract showed protective activity in in vitro passive anaphylaxis. Both also showed marked protection against induced mast cell degranulation. Results clearly substantiated the beneficial effects of the vegetable fern. (8)
Anthelmintic / Rhizomes:
Ethanolic, aqueous, and petroleum ether extracts of rhizome were studied for anthelmintic activity against Pheretima posthuma. All extracts showed significant anthelmintic activity, with the ethanolic extract showing the more potent activity.
(9)
Anti-Thiamine Factors:
Twenty-six kinds of raw vegetables were studied for anti-thiamine factors. Two of the twenty-six tested vegetables, Pak Good (Athyrium esculentum) and Pak Van (Marsilea crenata) showed thiaminase activity. Pak Good also showed a thermostable factor, together with eighteen other vegetables. (10)
Pathological Effects in Lab Rats and Guinea Pigs:
Study showed linguda (Diplazium esculentum) caused mild pathologic effects in rats while feeding of frozen linguda induced mortality and moderate type of clinico-pathologic effects in guinea pigs.
(11)
Anti-Inflammatory Effects / Leaves:
Study evaluated the anti-inflammatory effect of different extracts of leaves of Diplazium esculentum in rats using carrageenan hind paw edema assay. Results showed all extracts exhibited anti-inflammatory activity, more in the chloroform extract group than other treated groups. Ibuprofen was used as standard drug. (14) Study evaluated various extracts of leaves of Diplazium esculentum for anti-inflammatory activity using carrageenan induced hind paw edema. All extracts showed anti-inflammatory activity, with the chloroform extract showing higher percentage of inhibition. Ibuprofen was used as standard. (33)
Antioxidant / Antimicrobial / Cytotoxic:
Study evaluated the antioxidant, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic properties of the leaf of D. esculentum in different in vitro experimental models. Chloroform and methanol extracts showed strong antioxidant activity in cupric ion reducing capacity assay. Extracts showed strong antimicrobial activity, with the chloroform extract showing zones of inhibition of S. lutea > S. typhimurium > B. subtilis > K. pneumonia > S. boydii > E. coli > S. aureus > V. cholera. Cytotoxic activity was evaluated by brine shrimp lethality bioassay. (15)
Immunosuppressive and Hemolytic Effects:
Study evaluated the immunosuppressive and hemolytic activities of boiled D. esculentum in Swiss albino mice. BDE fed mice showed a significant decrease in body weight and relative spleen weight. There was significant dose-dependent decrease in the number of cultured splenocytes and dose dependent increases in percentage inhibition of splenocyte proliferation as well as percentage hemolysis by in vitro assays. Results suggest consumption of D. esculentum is alarming and may act as an immunosuppressive agent. (16)
Analgesic / Flavonoid and Sterols / Leaves:
Study evaluated the analgesic activity of various leaf extracts of D. esculentum using acetic acid induced writhing in a mice model. An aqueous extract showed potent analgesic activity with marked beneficial effects against central and peripheral inflammatory pain models. The protective action may be attributed to the presence of flavanoid and sterols. (17) Study evaluated the analgesic activity of semi-purified flavonoids of D. esculentum ethanolic extract using acetic acid induced writhing method in Swiss albino mice. Results showed analgesic activity increasing as the dose increases. (28)
Silver Nanoparticles / Photocatalytic and Anticoagulative:
Study describes the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles with the leaf powder used as both reductant and stabilizer. Study also studied the NP as catalyst in degradation of methylene blue and rhodamine dyes and investigated the ability of AgNPs to inhibit coagulation of human blood plasma. (18)
Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity / Cytotoxicity / Antidiabetic:
Study evaluated the glucosidase inhibitory activity of five selected edible and medicinal ferns, viz. Blechnum orientale, Davalia denticulata, Diplazium esculentum, Nephrolepis biserrata, and Pteris vittata. Diplazium esculentum α-glucosidase inhibitory activity was considerably stronger than myricetin and the four other medicinal ferns. D. esculentum also showed dose-dependent cytotoxicity against K562 cells. (20)
• Biologic Constituents:
GC-MS analysis of rhizomes yielded 18 compounds. Dominant compounds were n-hexadecanoic acid, tetradecanoic acid, di-n-octyl phthalate, tetra pentacotaine, octadecanoic acid. N-hexadecanoic acid (Palmitic acid) has known antioxidant, hypocholesterolemic, pesticide, lubricant, antiandrogenic properties, among others. Di-n-octyl phthalate has antifungal properties. Octadecanoic acid has potential antibacterial and antifungal activity. (see constituents above) (21)
• Acute Oral Toxicity Study / Leaves: A two-week acute oral toxicity study of leaves of D. esculentum showed the highest dose at 5000 mg/kg body weight. The plant was non-toxic to the experimental model. (see constituents above) (22)
• Hepatoprotective / Anti-Inflammatory: Study evaluated the anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective activities of Diplazium esculentum. Results showed hepatoprotective activity with inhibitory effects on CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity. A methanol extract showed the highest inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and lipoxygenase (5-LOX) at concentration of 1000 µg. (23)
• Flavonoid Content and Antioxidant Activity: In a study of various ferns, Diplazium esculentum yielded a flavonoid content of 19.974 mg QE / g dried and antioxidant activity with 24.590 percent inhibition by DPPH assay. (25)
• Effect on Male Reproductive Functions / Antifertility: Study evaluated the effects of boiled D. esculentum on male reproductive functions of Swiss albino mice. Significant dose- and time-dependent decreases were observed in body weight, absolute- and relative-testis weight, organ weights, biochemical parameters, % of live spermatozoa and % of fertility and fecundity in BDE fed mice. Results suggest intake of D. esculentum, even after cooking, may induce infertility by altering male reproductive function, suggesting potential as antifertility agent. (26)
• Anticholinesterase and NADH Oxidase Inhibitory Activities / Antioxidant: Study investigated the acetycholinesterase and NADH oxidase inhibitory activities and free radical scavenging and total antioxidant activities in the linoleic acid system. Results showed dose-dependent inhibition of acetyl-
cholinesterase and NADH oxidase, with IC50s of 272.97 ± 19.38 and 265.81 ± 21.20 µg/mL, respectively. The extract showed potent radical scavenging activity with IC50 402.88 ± 12.70 µg/mL and total antioxidant activities of 27.41% and 33.22% by FTC and TBA methods, respectively. Results suggest a potential source of natural antioxidants. (27)
• Central Nervous System Effect / Antioxidant: Study of various extracts of D. esculentum showed significant (p<0.0001) and dose-dependent CNS stimulant effect at all doses tested. The water extract (7.6 mM/dry weight) showed highest antioxidant activity using FRAP assay. (30)
• Study on Pathological Effects: Study evaluated the clinical, hematological, biochemical and immunopathological effects of frozen (FL) and shade-dried linguda (SDL) @ 30% feeding in concentration ration or as green fodder for 30 days to rats and guinea pigs. Study concluded that linguda caused mild pathologic effects in rats while feeding of frozen linguda induced mortality and moderate type of clinico-pathological effects in guinea pigs. (34)
• Natural Coagulant Aid in Landfill Leachate Treatment:
Study suggested use of Diplazium esculentum leaves as coagulant and coagulant aid has potential as an alternative treatment of landfill leachate via coagulation-flocculation. (37)
• Natural Biosorbent for Toxic Brilliant Green Dye / Wastewater Treatment:
Study evaluated the potential of Diplazium esculentum as a low-cost and effective biosorbent for the removal of toxic Brilliant green (BG) dye. Treatment with 1.0 M NaOH of spent Pakis adsorbent could remove >80% BG dye even after five consecutive cycles. High adsorption capacity, relative stability, ability to be regenerated and reused all support the potential of Pakis as a low-cost adsorbent in wastewater treatment. (38)
• Anti-Alzheimer's Disease: Diplazium esculentum inhibited acetylcholinesterase in vitro, suggesting potential for treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) by supporting cholinergic neurons. Study evaluated the anti-AD properties of D. esculentum extracts in vitro and in Drosophila models of Aß-mediated toxicity. The ethanolic extracts exhibited high phenolics and flavonoids, which contributed to antioxidant and inhibitory activities against AD-related enzymes. The extract acted as a BACE-1 blocker and reduced amyloid beta 42 (Aß42) peptides in Drosophiila models, resulting in improved locomotor behaviors. Results suggest potential for AD amelioration and prevention. (39)
• Diuretic / Fern Fronds: Study evaluated the diuretic activity of various extracts of fern fronds of D. esculentum on male albino rats. Ethanolic extracts at doses of 50mg/200g, 100mg/200g, and 200mg/200g was administered orally in rats. Furosemide was sued as standard (0.72mg/200g). Results showed the the 100mg/200g dose showed the highest diuretic activity with highest chloride concentration (0.91%). (40)
• Anti-Arthritic / Leaves: Study evaluated the in-vitro anti-arthritic activity of methanolic extract of leaves of Diplazium esculentum using inhibition of protein denaturation method. Results showed moderate anti-arthritic activity with 47.33% inhibition of protein denaturation at concentration of 500 µg/mL, compared to diclofenac at 79.50. The activity may be due to the combined effects of flavonoids, saponins, steroids, triterpenoids and alkaloids present in the aerial parts of the plant. (42)
• Anti-Inflammatory / Leaves: Study evaluated the HPTLC profile anti-inflammatory properties of frond ethanolic extracts of Diplazium esculentum, D. quercifolia, and A. nidus against cyclooxygenase (COX) and 15-lipoxygenase (15-LOX). The HPTLC profile of D. esculentum was 10(Rf=0.02-0.97) bands. D. esculentum inhibited more than 50% of COX enzymes, and were active against both COX-2 and COX-1. D. esculentum gave a selectivity ratio (COX-2/COX-1) of 1.03 making the inhibitory activity selective against COX-2. Results suggest D. esculentum has potential as source of anti-inflammatory lead compounds for future drug development. (43)
• Cytotoxicity / K562 Cells / Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML): Study evaluated the antioxidant activity and anticancer capability of D. esculentum towards K562 cells. Methanolic extracts did not exhibit antioxidant properties in DPPH assay. On MTT assay, both extracts exhibited cytotoxicity towards the K562 cells. (44)
• Anti-Leishmaniasis / Leaves: Study evaluated aqueous leaf extract of D. esculentum against in vitro growth of Leishmania donovani (AG83) promastigotes. Results showed 100% inhibition of parasite growth with IC50 of 40 mg/ml. In this study, SOD activity was inhibited to downregulate the degree of parasite infection during DE treatment. It is assumed that inhibition of SOD and simultaneous release of superoxide radicals impose a toxic effect to destroy intracellular parasites during experimental visceral leishmaniasis. Results suggest DE has potential as therapeutic agent against visceral leishmaniasis. (45)
• Antimalarial / Leaves:
Study evaluated the antimalarial activity of Diplazium esculentum aqueous extract in Plasmodium berghei-infected mice. Results showed the plant extract has preventive properties but showed no potential as a curative agent against P. berghei. (46)
• Antidiarrheal / Antipyretic / Leaves: Study evaluated the antidiarrheal activity on castor oil-induced diarrhea in rats and antipyretic activity on Brewer's yeast induced hyperpyrexia in rats using ethyl acetate and hydroalcoholic extracts of leaves of D. esculentum. Hydroalcoholic extract at 500 mg/kg p.o. significantly decreased rectal temperature of rats. A 500 mg/kbw dose showed highest percentage inhibition of defecation (71.91%). (47)

Availability
Wild-crafted.
Common market produce.


Updated April 2023 / October 2018 / March 2016


PHOTOS / ILLUSTRATIONS
Photos © Godofredo Stuart / StuartXchange

Additional Sources and Suggested Readings
(1)
Ethnomedical plants used for gastro-intestinal diseases by Adi tribes of Dehang-Debang Biosphere Reserve in Arunachal Pradesh / R Kagyung, PR Gajurel et al / Indian Journ of Traditional Knowledge, Vol 9(3), July 2010, pp 496-501.
(2)

Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Properties of Some Malaysian Traditional Vegetables (Ulam) / M M Mackeen, A M Ali et al / 997, Vol. 35, No. 3 , Pages 174-178
(3)
Determination of total antioxidant activity in three types of local vegetables shoots and the cytotoxic effect of their ethanolic extracts against different cancer cell lines / Rahmat A, Kumar V et al /
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2003;12(3):292-5.
(4)
Antifungal Activity of the Edible Ferns: Application for Public Health / Dr Zuraini Zakaria et al /

(5)
Antibacterial activity of Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw
/ Semwal Amit, Kaushik Sunil, Bhatt SP, Negi Arvind / Pharmacognosy Journal / DOI: 10.5530/pj.2011.21.14
(6)
Estimation of the fern toxin, ptaquiloside, in certain Indian ferns other than bracken / R Somvanshi, D R Lauren, B L Smith et al / CURRENT SCIENCE, VOL. 91, NO. 11, 10 DECEMBER 2006
(7)
Callipteris esculenta (Retz.) J. Sm. ex T. Moore et Houlst. / Chinese names / Catalogue of Life, China
(8)
ANTI-ANAPHYLACTIC AND MAST CELLS STABILIZING ACTIVITY OF DIPLAZIUM ESCULENTUM RETZ. ON SENSITIZED WISTAR RATS / Biswadeep Das*, Tania Paul, K G Apte, P B Parab, Rajendra Chauhan, R C Saxena / Inventi Impact: Ethnopharmacology , Vol. 2012 .
(9)
In-Vitro Anthelmintic Activity of Diplazium esculantum (Retz.) Swiss Rhizome Extract
/ Semwal Amit*, Farswan Mamta Singh / Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 2004; 1(4) / ISSN: 2278-4136
(10)
A study of antithiamine factor in raw vegetables of Northern part of Thailand. / Viboon Rattanapanone, Netrachaleo Sanpitak, Boriboon Phornphiboul / Chang Mai Medicinal Journal, Vol.10 N0.1 January 1971
(11)
Studies on pathological effects of linguda (Diplazium esculentum, Retz.) in laboratory rats and guinea pigs. /
Neeraj Kumar Gangwar / Thesis / Indian Journal of Veterinary Pathology, 2004, Volume 28, Issue 2
(12)
Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw. / Plants of the World Online
(13)
Diplazium esculentum: A Wild Nutrient-Rich Leafy Vegetable from Western Ghats / G. Nair Archana, S. Pradeesh, M. Devi Chinmayee, I. Mini, T. S. Swapna / Prospects in Bioscience: Addressing the Issues
pp 293-301:12 December 2012
(14)
PRELIMINARY STUDIES ON ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITIES OF DIPLAZIUM ESCULENTUM IN EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS / A. Kaushik*, J. J. Kaushik , A. Das, S. Gemal and D. Gaim /
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES AND RESEARCH) / DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.2(5).1251-53
(15)
Investigation of In vitro Antioxidant, Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic activity of Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw. / Saleha Akter*, Md. Monir Hossain, Ismot Ara, Parvez Akhtar / IJAPBC – Vol. 3(3), July - Sep, 2014
(16)
Assessment of the immunosuppressive and hemolytic activities of an edible fern, Diplazium esculentum. /
Roy S, Tamang S, Dey P, Chaudhuri TK. / Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol. 2013 Jun;35(3):365-72. doi: 10.3109/08923973.2013.775588.
(17)
Analgesic activity of medicinally important leaf of Diplazium esculentum / Sonia Chawla*, Saurabh Chawla, Veerma Ram, Alok Semwal and Ramandeep Singh / African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 2015; 9(25): pp. 628-632 / DOI: 10.5897/AJPP2015. 4316
(18)
Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using dried biomass of Diplazium esculentum (retz.) sw. and studies of their photocatalytic and anticoagulative activities / Bappi Paul, Bishal Bhuyan, Debraj Dhar Purkayastha, , Siddhartha Sankar Dhar / Journal of Molecular Liquids, Vol 212, Dec 2015, Pap 813–817
(19)
Nutritional and phytochemical screening, and total phenolic and flavonoid content of Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw. from Philippines / Jovale Vincent V. Tongco*, Ronald Arlet P. Villaber, Remil M. Aguda and Ramon A. Razal / Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 2014, 6(8):238-242
(20)
Evaluation of Glucosidase Inhibitory and Cytotoxic Potential of Five Selected Edible and Medicinal Ferns
/ Tsun-Thai Chai*, Loo-Yew Yeoh, Nor Ismaliza Mohd Ismail, Hean-Chooi, Ong, Fazilah Abd Manan and Fai-Chu Wong / Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 2015; 14(3) / DOI: 10.4314/tjpr.v14i3.13
(21)
CHEMICAL PROFILE OF DIPLAZIUM ESCULENTUM (RETZ.) SW.: A MEDICINAL FERN FROM WESTERN GHATS / Kanchan Dubal, P N Ghorpade, M V Kale / Research Gate
(22)
In-vivo Toxicity Evaluation and Phytochemical, Physicochemical Analysis of Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw. leaves a Traditionally used North-Eastern Indian Vegetable. / Junejo, Julfikar Ali; Ghoshal, Anirban; Mondal, Prodyut; Nainwal, Lalit; Zaman, Kamaruz; Singh, Khumanthem Deepak; Chakraborty, Tapash / Advances in Bioresearch, Sept 2015; Vol 6, Issue 5: pp 175-181
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IN VITRO HEPATOPROTECTIVE AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITIES OF DIPLAZIUM ESCULENTUM (RETZ) SW. –A WILD FERN FROM WESTERN GHATS / Archana G Nair, Nikhila G. S., Sangeetha G. and Swapna T. S. / International Journal of Institutional Pharmacy and Life Sciences, March-April 2015; 5(2):
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EVALUATION OF THE ANTIFUNGAL PROPERTIES OF TWELVE MEDICINAL PLANTS AND ISOLATION OF ACTIVE COMPOUNDS FROM Nepenthes gracilis / Gwee Pei Shing / Dissertation: August 2013
(25)
Determination of flavonoid content and antioxidant activity from ferns by ultrasonic extraction / Jutarat Tawekijpokai*, Jindarat Pimsamarn / TIChE International Conference 2011, November 10 – 11, 2011 at Hatyai, Songkhla THAILAND
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Toxicological assessment of Diplazium esculentum on the reproductive functions of male Swiss albino mouse. / Roy S, Chaudhuri T K / Drug Chem Toxicol, April 2017; 40(2): pp 171-182 / doi: 10.1080/01480545.2016.1190739. 
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In vitro assessment of anticholinesterase and NADH oxidase inhibitory activities of an edible fern, Diplazium esculentum / Subhrajyoti Roy, Somit Dutta, Tapas Kumar Chaudhuri / Journal of Basic and Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology, 26(4) /  DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/jbcpp-2014-0100
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Evaluation of the analgesic property of the semi-purified flavonoids from the fronds of Diplazium esculentumethanolic extract / Cristal Mae B Pedong, Mary Regielynn P Ilao, Sarah L De Lima, Shayne V Manarang, April B Lingat, Mariel Niña M Esguerra, Billy K Singian / International Journal of Research in Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2018; 3(1)
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Ethnomedicinal importance of fern and fern allies traditionally used by tribal people of Palani Hills
(Kodaikanal), Western Ghats, South India
/ Ganesan Sathiyaraj, Thangavelu Muthukumar, Konganapuram Chellappan Ravindran / Journal of Medicinal Herbs and Ethnomedicine, 2015; 1(1): pp 4-9 /
doi:10.5455/jmhe.2015-07-08
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FRAP (Ferric reducing ability of plasma) assay and effect of Diplazium esculentum (Retz) Sw. (a green vegetable of North India) on central nervous system / Atul Kaushik, Chanderesh Jijta, Jeevan J Kaushik, Robel Zeray, Anghesom Ambesajir and Lwam Beyene /  Indian Journal of Natural Products and Resources, June 2012; 3(2): pp 228-231
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Chemical composition of some underutilized green leafy vegetables of Sonitpur district of Assam, India / Saha, J., Biswal, A. K. and *Deka, S. C. / International Food Research Journal, 2015; 22(4): pp 1466-1473
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Studies on the Ethno-veterinary plants used by the Nepali community of Nagaon and Sonitpur Districts of Assam, India / Rinju Bharali, B.K. Dutta and P. Gogoi / Pleione 2015; 9(1): pp 26-39
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PRELIMINARY STUDIES ON ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITIES OF DIPLAZIUM ESCULENTUM IN EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS / A. Kaushik, J. J. Kaushik, A. Das, S. Gemal  and D. Gaim  / International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research
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Studies on pathological effects of linguda (Diplazium esculentum Retz.) in laboratory rats and guinea pigs / Gangwar Neeraj Kumar / Indian Journal of Veterinary Pathology, 2004; 28(2)
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Concentration of Some Trace Elements in Two Wild Edible Ferns, Diplazium esculentum and Stenochlaena palutris, Inhabiting Tropical Peatlands under Different Environments in Central Kalimantan / RAHMAWATI Della, WIJAYA C. Hanny, HASHIDOKO Yasuyuki, DJAJAKIRANA Gunawan, HARAGUCHI Akira, WATANABE Toshihiro, KURAMOCHI Kanta, and NION Yanetri Asi / Eurasian J. For. Res., 2017; 20: pp 11-20
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Diplazium (PROSEA) / P H Hovenkamp, Y Umi Kalsom / Pl@ntUse
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Diplazium esculentum leaf as natural coagulant aid in landill leachate treatment / Noor Ainee Binti Zainol / Thesis, Oct 2015
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Diplazium esculentum (Paku Pakis) adsorption characteristics toward toxic Brilliant green dye / Linda B L Lim, Chin Mei Chan, Amal Asheeba, Romzi, Namal Priyantha /  Desalination and Water Treatment, 2021; 223: pp 350-362 / DOI: 10.5004/dwt.2021.27066
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Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw. reduces BACE-1 activities and amyloid peptides accumulation in Drosophila models of Alzheimer’s disease / Thanit Knkeaw, Uthaiwan Suttisansanee, Dunyaporn Trachootham, Jirarat Karinchai, Piya Temviriyanukul et al / Scientific Reports, 2021; Article No 23796 /
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03142-w
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Diuretic activity of ethanolic extracts of fern fronds (Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) SW.) on male albino rats / Marie Angeli Dai, Karla Zen Marie Turan / Thesis/Dissertations, BS Pharmacy, 2017 / University of San Carlos, Cebu City, Philippines
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Phytochemical screening of Diplazium esculentum as medicinal plant from Central Kalimantan, Indonesia / Fathul Zannah, Mohammade Amin, Hadi Suwono, Betty Lukiata /  The 7th International Conference on Global ReSource Conservation: From Traditional Herbal Medicine into Synthetic Biology for Better Human Lives, May 2017 / DOI: 10.1063/1.4983439
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Evaluation of anti arthritic activity of Diplazium esculentum Leaf extract: An In vitro study / Abdul Mukit Barbhuiya, Yarram Krishnaveni, Syed Ayesha, Deekonda Kranthi, Tulluri Sowjanya and Karisha Uday Kumar  / The Pharma Innovation Journal. 2019; 8(4): pp 333-335 / eISSN: 2277-7695 / pISSN: 2349-8242
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Cyclooxygenase (COX) and 15-Lipoxygenase (15-LOX) Inhibitory Activity and HPTLC Profile of Asplenium Nidus, Diplazium Esculentum, and Drynaria Quercifolia in Bukidnon, Philippines / Aileen May G Ang, Roxan D Sabesaje, Gina B Barbosa, Reggie Y de la Cruz, Rainear A Mendez, Melania M Enot / Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy, 2022; 33(2): pp 215-224 / DOI: 10.22146/ijp.3975
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Cytotoxicity and Antioxidant Properties of Diplazium Esculentum Towards K562 Cells  / Muhammad Ajwad Mohd Salleh, Nurzila Ab Latif / Proceedings of Science and Mathematics, 2022; Vol 12: pp 188-197
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IN VITRO ANTILEISHMANIAL ACTIVITY OF DIPLAZIUM ESCULENTUM / R Jyoti, Kakuli Chakraborty, Rajen Haldar, Bikramjit Raychaudhury / Research Journal of Life Sciences, Bioinformatics, Pharmaceutical and Chemical Sciences, 2019; 5(1) / DOI: 10.26479/2019.0501.56 / ISSN: 2454-6348
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ANTIMALARIAL ACTIVITIES OF DIPLAZIUM ESCULENTUM (RETZ.) SW. AQUEOUS EXTRACT IN PLASMODIUM BERGHEI- INFECTED MICE / Nor Zuziana Md Zulkifli, Norazsida Ramil PhD, Muhammad Zulhilmi Othman, Nur Hafiz Shafiq Zawawi, Mohd Shukri Baba PhD /   International Journal of Allied Health Sciences, 4(4): pp 1657-1663
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Antidiarrheal and Antipyretic Activity of Ethyl Acetate and Hydro-Alcoholic Extracts of Diplazium esculentum Leaves / Julfikar Ali Junejo, Kamaruz Zaman, Mithun Rudrapal, Nazim Hussain et al / Bioscience Biotechnology Research Communications, 2020; 13(1) / DOI: 10.21786/bbrc/13.1/30 /
pISSN: 0974-6455 / eISSN: 2321-4007

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                                                            List of Understudied Philippine Medicinal Plants

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