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Family Apocynaceae
Pandakaking-puti
Kampupot

Tabernaemontana pandacaqui Poir.
BANANA BUSH
Jian guo gou ya hua

Scientific names Common names
Alstonia pacifica (Seem.) A. C. Sm. Agtimaloi (Buk.) 
Anartia recurva Miers Alibotbot (P. Bis.) 
Ervatamia angustisepala (Benth.) Domin Alibutbut (Pamp., Bis., Bik.) 
Ervatamia benthamiana Domin. Busbusilak (Ilk.)
Ervatamia biflora (Elmer) Pichon Halibutbut (Bik.) 
Ervatamia mindorensis (Merr.) Markgr. Kampupot (Tag.) 
Ervatamia pandacaqui (Lam.) Pichon Kudibetbet (Ig.)
Tabernaermontana arborescens Perrier Kukabulau-buntai (Ibn.) 
Tabernaemontana cumingiana  A. DC. Kuribetbet (Ilk.) 
Tabernaemontana mindanaensis Merr. Pandakaki (Tag., Bis., Pamp.) 
Tabernaemontana mindorensis Merr. Pandakaki-puti (Tag.) 
Tabernaermontana orientalis R. Br. Pandaya (Bik.) 
Tabernaemontana pandacaqui Lam. Sakang-manuk (Bik.) 
Tabernaemontana polygama Blanco Salibukbuk (P. Bis.)
Tabernaemontana pubescens R.Br.. Salimbabaya (C. Bis.) 
Tabernaemontana punctata Warb. Talanisog (Bik.) 
Tabernaemontana semperflorens Perr. Toar (Bik.) 
Tabernaemontana subglobosa Merr. Tunkal (P. Bis.) 
Tabernaemontana thailandensis  P.T.Li. Banana bush (Engl.) 
Tabernaemontana vitiensis Seem. Windmill bush (Engl.) 
Tabernaemontana pandacaqui Lam. is an accepted name. The Plant List

Other vernacular names
CHINESE: Jian guo gou ya hua.
PAPUA NEW GUINEA: Oru, Karaban.
THAILAND: Put farang, Phut tum.

Botany
Pandakaki is an erect, branched and smooth shrub, 1 to 4 meters high. Leaves are elliptic-lanceolate to oblong-elliptic, 5 to 12 centimeters long, narrowed at both ends, shining and short-stalked. Inflorescences are axillary and terminal, peduncled, and have rather few flowers. Calyx is green, ovoid, and short. Corolla is white, tinged with green, slender-tubed, 1.7 centimeters long and slightly enlarged upward; limb is 2 to 2.5 centimeters in diameter, composed of five, spreading, falcate, lanceolate lobes. Follicles are red or yellowish-red, oblong, 2 to 4 centimeters long, and longitudinally ridged or keeled.

Distribution
- Common in thickets at low altitudes at low altitudes from the Babuyan Islands and Luzon to Mindanao, in most Islands and provinces.
- Also reported in Taiwan and Celebes.

Constituents
- Phytochemical screening of leaves yielded terpenoids, flavonoids, and anthraquinones while stems yielded alkaloids, and terpenoids. (see study below) (16)
- Ethanolic leaf extract yielded carbohydrates, tannins, and flavonoids. (see study below) (21)
- Phytochemical screening yielded terpenoids and polyphenols in stems and leaves; the leaves also yielded flavonoid. (see study below) (22)
- MeOH percolationand frctionation of air-dried stems yielded six alkaloids, namely: tabernaemontanine (1), ervatomine (2), voacangine (3) voacristine (4), voaluteine (5) and pandine (6). Air-dried leaves yielded six alkaloids viz., 3, 4 , 6, akuammicine (7), vallesamine (8), and vallesamine 17-O-acetate (9). The major alkaloids were tabernaemontaine (1) from stems and akuammicine (7) from leaves. (23)

Properties
Caution: Some reports of toxicity attributed to the milky sap.
• Fruit reported to be highly poisonous, with its many seeds with red fleshy covering.

• Studies have shown analgesic, antiprotozoal, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, cytotoxic, CNS depressant, pesticidal, antimalarial properties.

Parts utilized
Leaves, roots, bark, sap.

Uses
Folkloric
· In the Philippines, leaves used as cataplasm on the belly to induce menstruation.
· For eczema: Boil 3 cups of chopped leaves in one gallon of water for 10 minutes; add 2 gallons of hot water.
· Fresh leaves are fried in oil and applied to itchy skins lesions for symptomatic relief.
· Leaf juice applied for wound healing.
· Hot Foot Baths: A local immersion bath covering the feet, ankles and legs used for a variety of conditions: To relieve head, chest and pelvic congestion; to stop nosebleeds; to relieve spasms and pains of feet and legs; to induce sweating; to relieve menstrual cramps and headaches.
· Poulticed leaves applied on the abdomen to hasten childbirth.
· Ifugao-migrants in the foothills of the Sierra Madre used the plant latex for wounds,
· Erectile dysfunction: In Tiaong, reportedly used as "herbal viagra."
Boil 15-25 leaves in 3 glasses of water for 10 minutes; drink the decoction. (Note: Like many of the herbal medicines touted as "herbal viagra," kampupot use is rural folkloric with no known scientific or pharmacologic basis for its claim.)
· Decoction of root and bark used for a variety of stomach and intestinal ailments.
· The white sap of the stem is applied to thorn injuries and to hasten the surfacing of the thorn fragment.

· In Thailand, roots used to treat fever, pain and dysentery.
· The Ayta people of Porac, Pampanga use as repellent against hematophagous insects. Decoction of fresh leaf and roots is drunk, while leaves and stems are hung inside the house. (15)

Studies
Analgesic / Hypothermic:
Vulcanian was isolated from T pandacaqui which exhibited significant analgesic and hypothermic effects in mice. (1)
Antiprotozoal: In a study of 18 plants traditionally used in South Pacific archipelago Vanuatu, 15 plants showed strong cytotoxic effects specific for only one cancer line. T. pandacaqui leaves displayed activity against Trypanosoma cruzi. (6)
Anti-Inflammatory / Antipyretic / Antinociceptive / Stems: Study of alcoholic extract of Tabernaemontana pandacaqui stems using carrageenan-induced rat paw edema, yeast-induced hyperthermia in rat, and acetic acid induced writhing response showed significant antiinflammatory, antipyretic and antinociceptive activities attributable to alkaloidal components. (2)
Hypotensive / Bradycardic / Stem: Effects of a crude alkaloidal fraction from the stem of Tp on blood pressure and heart rate were investigated in rat models. Results showed a hypotensive and bradycardic responses that might involve cholinergic, central mechanisms, biogenic amines, acetylcholine and histamine. (3)

Cardiovascular / Hypotensive / Stem, Leaf and Flowers: Intravenous injection of ethanol extracts of stem, leaf and flower exhibited a hypotensive activity not mediated through histaminic and muscarinic stimulation, a-adrenoceptor blockade or interference of sympathetic transmission. (5)
Neuropharmacological / CNS Depressant: Study of crude alkaloidal fraction from the stem of Tp suggested CNS depressant activity in rats and mice through reduction in spontaneous motility, potentiation of pentobarbital sleeping time and antinociception. (4)
Cytotoxicity: Study evaluated a methanol extract for cytotoxic activity. Results showed potent activity against renal cancer cells, with an IC50 of 4.62 µg/ml. An ethyl acetate extract reduced the viability of lung cancer cells.
Pesticidal / Stems and Leaves / Rice Bugs: Study evaluated the effectiveness of leaves and stems of T. pandacaqui in eradicating rice bug during the milky stage of the rice cycle. Results suggest the pure pandacqui extract is as effective as commercial pesticide in the eradication of rice bugs, also providing a cheaper and eco-friendly alternative compared to chemical pesticide. (12)
Antibacterial / α-Amyrin Acetate / Leaves: A previous study showed the leaves to yield a bioactive constituent against Bacillus subtilis. Study yielded a major compound from a hexane/chloroform fraction and identified as a-amyrin acetate. (13)
Cytotoxicity Screening of Alkaloids / Leaves: Study evaluated the cytotoxic activity of alkaloids from T. pandacaqui and Voacanga globosa leaves using Brine Shrimp Lethality Assay. The alkaloid content of the extracts were quantified as milligrams of Vincristine Sulfate Equivalent (mg VSE) using Bromocresol Green Assay. TP yielded an alkaloid content of 46.7 mg VSE translating to a yield of 0.234%, with a LC50 value of 167 ppm. (14)
Antimalarial Screening: In a screening of Indonesian plants for antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falcifarum, Tabernaemontana pandacaqui leaves showed 38.6% ± 5.6% inhibition, while stems showed 37.6% ± 4.0% inhibition. (see constituents above) (16)
Antinociceptive / Leaves: Screening of crude ethanol extract of leaves for antinociceptive activity produced significant writhing inhibition in acetic acid induced mice in doses of 250 and 500 mg/kbw (p<0.05, p<0.01), respectively. Results were comparable to standard drug diclofenac. (17)
Anti-Inflammatory / Indole Alkaloid / Stem and Leaves: Study of alcoholic extracts and isolated indole alkaloid from stem and leaves of pandakaki-puti for anti-inflammatory activity using carrageenan induced inflammation model in mice. Results showed anti-inflammatory activity, with the highest mean percent inhibition at 93.9% and 94.68% with a concentration of 100:0 indole alkaloid: distilled water at dosage of 0.05 mg/g BW of mice. (18)
• Wound Healing: Study evaluated the wound healing efficacy of Tabernaemontana pandacaqui, Phyllantus niruri, and Peperomia pellucida crude extracts in incised wound model in white mice (Mus musculus). Results showed crude extracts of the three plants have active constituents than can heal incised wounds of white mice. Phytochemical screening yielded flavonoids, tannins, triterpenes, proteins, and carbohydrates. (19)
• Gastroprotective / Ethanol-Induced Ulcerations / Leaves: Study of a methanolic extract of T. pandacaqui exhibited gastroprotective activity in male Swiss mice model of ethanol-induced ulcers. Omeprazole was used as standard drug. (20)
• Anthelmintic / Leaves: Study evaluated an ethanolic leaf extract of T. pandacaqui for in vitro effect on adult Caenorhabditiss elegans. Results showed statistically significant difference in anthelmintic activity between length of exposures with lower survival rates following longer exposures ( 24 hours vs 48 hours) at concentrations of 250 µg/mL and 1000 µg/mL. (21)
• Free Radical Scavenging / Leaves and Stems: Study of six Indonesian plant extracts of leaves and stems, including Tabernaemontana pandacaqui, were evaluated for free radical scavenging using DPPH assay. T:C-autography showed all samples have free-radical scavenging activities. TP showed an IC50 of 90.23. (see constituents above) (22)

Availability
Wild-crafted.

© Godofredo U. Stuart Jr., M.D.

Updated Dec 2018 / Nov 2017 / Oct 2016

Photos © Godofredo Stuart / StuartXchange

Additional Sources and Suggested Readings
(1)
Analgesic components from bornean medicinal plants, Tabernaemontana pauciflora Blume and Tabernaemontana pandacaqui Poir / Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo). 1992 Aug;40(8):2075-9.
(2)
Anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and antinociceptive activities of Tabernaemontana pandacaqui Poir. / T. Taesotikula, A. Panthong et al / J Ethnopharmacol., 2003 Jan; 84(1): pp 31-35 / doi:10.1016/S0378 -8741(02)00264-7
(3)
Cardiovascular activity of the crude alkaloidal fraction from Tabernaemontana pandacaqui in the rat / T Taesotikul, A Panthong, D Kanjanapothi, R Verpoorte, J.J.C Scheffer / J-Ethnopharmacol. 1998 Jan; 59(3): pp 131-7
(4)

Neuropharmacological activities of the crude alkaloidal fraction from stems of Tabernaemontana pandacaqui Poir. / T Taesotikul et al / Journal of Ethnopharmacology • Volume 62, Issue 3, October 1998, Pages 229-234 / doi:10.1016/S0378-8741(98)00081-6

(5)
Cardiovascular effects of Tabernaemontana pandacaqui / T Taesotiful, A Panthong et al / Journal of Ethnopharmacology, November 1989; Volume 27, Issues 1-2: pp 107-119 / doi:10.1016/0378-8741(89)90083-4
(6)

In vitro cytotoxic, antiprotozoal and antimicrobial activities of medicinal plants from Vanuatu / Gesine Bradacs, Louisa Maes, Jorg Heilmann / Phytotherapy Research, 14 DEC 2009 / DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2981
(7)

Tabernaemontana pandacaqui Lam / The Plant List
(8)

Tabernaemontana pandacaqui Lam. / Catalogue of Life, 2010
(9)
Tabernaemontana pandacaqui / Vernacular names / GLOBinMED
(10)
The use of medicinal plants by Ifugao-migrants in the foothills of the Sierra Madre mountain range
/ Jasper Wester
(11)
Tabernaemontana pandacaqui / Synonyms / The Plant List
(12)
Tabernaemontana pandacaqui Poir (pandakaki) as rice bug (Leptocorisa acuta) eradicator / An investigatory project entry to the 2005 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair, Phoenix, Arizona, USA May 8-14, 2005 / Galapia, D.B. / 2005 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair, Sinait National High School, Sinait, Ilocos Sur
(13)
The major compound isolated from the active butanol extract of tabernaemontana pandacaqui poir / Villaraza, Ma. Cecilia M. / Master of Science in Chemistry, 1996
(14)
Toxicity screening of alkaloids from tabernaemontana pandacaqui POIR (Pandakaki-puti) and voacanga globosa (Blanco) MERR.(Bayag-Usa) leaf extracts using brine shrimp assay. / Andaya, Genesis Faye and Hulipas, Gladys Dianne / Undergraduate thesis, De La Salle University-Dasmarinas. 2012
(15)

A survey of plants used as repellents against hematophagous insects by the Ayta people of Porac, Pampanga province, Philippines / Jasper John A. Obico* and Elena M. Ragragio / Philippine Science Letters, Vol. 7, No. 1, 2014
(16)
IN VITRO ANTIMALARIAL ACTIVITY SCREENING OF SEVERAL INDONESIAN PLANTS USING HRP2 ASSAY / ATY WIDYAWARUYANTI, ARANNYA PUSPITA DEVI, NIKE FATRIA, LIDYA TUMEWU, INDAH S TANTULAR, ACHMAD FUAD HAFID / International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vol 6, Issue 6, 2014
(17)
Phytochemical and antinociceptive study of leaves of Tabernaemontana divaricata (L) / Shazid Md. Sharker*, Samabesh Chakma and Ahmed Ayedur Rahman / Journal of Medicinal Plants Research Vol. 5(2), pp. 245-247, 18 January, 2011
(18)
ISOLATION OF INDOLE ALKALOID FORM PANDAKAKI-PUTI (Tabernaemontana pandacaqui poir) AS ANTI-INFLAMATORY AGENT / Mercedes Q. Cabling, John Micah M. Gabriel and Rowelyn C. Cerin / Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology
(19)
THE EFFICACY OF PANDAKAKI-PUTI (Tabernamontana pandacaqui poir), SAL-SALAMAGI (Phyllantus niruri), AND PANSIT-PANSITAN (Peperomia pellucida) CRUDE EXTRACT IN WOUND HEALING / FEMEY J. RESURRECCION, JAN LOUISE C. GARCIA, TANIA DOROTHY B. GARCIA /
(20)
In Vivo Evaluation of the Gastroprotective Activity of Methanolic Extract from Tabernaemontana Pandacaqui (Apocynaceae) Leaves on Ethanol-Induced Ulcerations on Male Swiss Mice / Cruz, Lunna-Sol C., Dacanay, Aleth Therese L., Delos Reyes, Daniel John Florence O., Lim, Jedric Jan Joshua C., Magsakay, Criezl Faye V., Magtoto, May T., Manalang, Junela S., Marcelo, Janiza Anne Claire M., 9Sy-siong, Vincent Englebert T. / International Journal of Life Sciences Research, Oct-Dec 2015; Vol 3, Issue 4: pp 115-119
(21)
Tabernaemontana pandacaqui Poir ethanolic leaf extract’s Phytochemical analysis and In vitro effect on adult Caenorhabditis elegans / Joshua Angelo H Mandanas / Journal of Bacteriolog & Parasitology / 5th International Conference on PARASITOLOGY & MICROBIOLOGY / DOI: 10.4172/2155-9597-C2-050
(22)
FREE-RADICAL SCAVENGING ACTIVITY SCREENING OF SOME INDONESIAN PLANTS / ACHMAD FUAD HAFID, ISMAIL, SAMUEL WARDIYANTO, LIDYA TUMEWU, ABDUL RAHMAN, ATY WIDYAWARUY ANTI / International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2014; 6(6)
(23)
Indole Alkaloids from Tabernaemontanapandacaquiin the Philippines / FUMIKO ABE, TATSUO YAMAUCHI and BEATRICEQ. GUEVERA / Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 1993; 21(8): pp 847-848 / DOI: 10.1016/0305-1978(93)90097-b

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