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Family Onagraceae
Pasaw-na-hapay
Ludwigia hyssopifolia (G.Don.) Exell

WATER PRIMROSE
Cao long

Scientific names  Common names 
Fissendocarpa linifolia (Vahl) Bennet Barigana (Bik.) 
Jussiaea fissendocarpa Haines Manakatud (Ilk.) 
Jussiaea hyssopifolia G. Don.  Pasau-na-hapai (Tag.)
Jussiaea linifolia Vahl Pasaw-na-hapay (Tag.)  
Jussiaea weddellii Micheli Taklang-duron (Pamp.) 
Ludwigia hyssopifolia (G. Don.) Exell Tohod-tohod (Bik.) 
  Seed box (Engl.)
  Water primrose (Engl.)
Pasau is a shared common name of: 1. Pasau-na-bilog, saluyot (Corchorus capsularis)  2. Pasau-na-haba (Corchorus catharticus)  3. Pasau-na-hapai (Jussiaea linifolis) and 4. Pasau, saluyot (Corchorus olitorius)
Jussiaea linifolia Vahl is a synonym of Ludwigia hyssopifolia (G.Don) Exell The Plant List
Ludwigia hyssopifolia (G.Don) Exell is an accepted name. The Plant List

Other vernacular names
CHINESE: Cao long, Xian ye ding xiang lao, Xi ye shui ding xiang.
FIJI: Nai kisa.
INDONESIA: Jukut anggereman, Kayu ragi, Lombokan, Mainang, Melgai.
MALAYSIA: Lakum air, inai paya, Inai pasir, Maman pasir.
NIGERIAN: Bini-sensen.
SPANISH: Mimbra, Palo de agua.
THAILAND: Tien na.
VIETNAM: Rau m[uw][ow]ng, Rau l[uws]c.


Botany

Pasau-na-hapai is an erect, branched, smooth annual, 20 to 60 centimeters high, with green or purplish, 3- or 4-angled or winged stems, and spreading 3-angled branches. Leaves are narrowly elliptic-lanceolate or oblong lanceolate, 4 to 10 centimeters long. Flowers occur singly and without stalk in the axils of leaves. Calyx-tube is slender and about 8 millimeters long, with 4 green, lanceolate, nearly 4 millimeter long calyx-lobes. Petals are 4, yellow, narrowly oblong-elliptic, and as long as the sepals. Stamens are 8, ovary 4-celled, ovules many in several axil rows in each cell. Fruits are capsules, green or purplish, about 3 centimeters long, and 1 to 2 millimeters in diameter. Seeds sometimes faintly visible through the walls.

Distribution
- Throughout the Philippines, in open, damp places, old rice paddies, margins of streams, etc. at low and medium altitudes.
- Considered an extremely widespread weed of rice and wetlands across three continents. (8)
- Probably of American origin.
- Now pantropic.

Parts utilized
Whole plant.

Constituents
- Phytochemical studies yielded vitexin, isovitexin, orientin and isoorientin.
- Ethanol extract yielded one new compound, 6β, 24 hydroxy tormnetic acid [2α, 3β, 19α, 6β, 24- penta hydroxylurs-12-en-18-oic acid (1) together with seven known compounds, viz. xanthyletin (2), (+) trans-decursidinol (3), β-sitosterol (4), β-sitosterol-β-D- glucopyranoside (5), 6β, 23-hydroxy tormentic acid (6), 23-hydroxy tormentic acid (7) and 6β, 23-hydroxy tormentic acid (8). (9)

Properties
- Considered astringent, anthelmintic, carminative and diuretic.
- Studies have suggested analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antidiarrheal, antibacterial, anthelmintic, antitumor properties.

Uses
Folkloric
- Used for cold-fever, swelling pain in the throat, inflammation of the mouth cavity.
- Used for enteritis-diarrhea, eczema, and furuncle.
- The decoction of dried materials used as gargle for mouth ulcer.
- Pounded fresh material may be applied as poultice to area afflicted by eczema.
- In Bangladesh and India, decoction used for diarrhea and dysentery, flatulence, leucorrhea and hemoptysis. Leaves used for poulticing in orchitis and neck gland enlargement. Decoction used as vermifuge and purgative.

- Infusion of root is swallowed by the Malays for syphilis.
- In Celebes, infusion of roots used for poulticing pimples.
- In Nigeria, decoction of leaves use for treatment of malaria. (13)
Others
- Dye: In the Philippines, plant used in making a black dye.

Studies
Piperine / Anti-tumor / Antibacterial: Study isolated an alkaloidal constituent, piperine, which showed antitumor and antibacterial activity. Its inhibitory effect on crown-gall tumor suggests potential for exploitation of the plant species for cancer prevention and treatment. On antibacterial study, it showed good activity against Shigella dysenteriae, S aureus and B subtilis. (1)
Antidiarrheal:
Study of methanol extract of Ludwigia hyssopifolia showed significant antidiarrheal property by reducing diarrheal episodes in castor oil and serotonin induced diarrhea in laboratory mice. The extract reduced gastrointestinal motility by 53.8% at dose of 100 mg/kbw. Standard drug was loperamide. (2)
Analgesic:
Study evaluated the analgesic activity of a methanolic extract of Jussiaea hyssopifolia plant in Swiss albino mice using a hot plate method. Results showed significant analgesic effect compared to standard drug diclofenac. (4)
Anhelmintic:
Study evaluated the methanolic extract of the entire plant of Jussiaea hyssopifolia for anthelmintic activity against earthworm Pheretima posthuma. Results showed significant anthelmintic effect in comparison to standard drug. (5)
Anti-Inflammatory / Analgesic / Diuretic / Whole Plant:
Study evaluated hexane, ethylacetate, and methanol extracts of whole plant parts of Ludwigia hyssopifolia for anti-inflammatory, analgesic, diuretic activities. Hexane and EA showed maximal inhibition of carrageenan-induced paw edema. All extracts showed significant inhibition of writhing reflex. All extracts exhibited good diuretic action. (7)
Analgesic / Anti-Inflammatory / Bark:
Study evaluated the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of ethanolic bark extract on experimental animal models. Results showed central and peripheral analgesic activity, as well as anti-inflammatory effect, which may be due to various chemical constituents, specially flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, or terpenoids. (10)
• Hepatoprotective / Aerial Parts:
Study evaluated the methanolic extract of aerial parts for in vitro method by measures of ALT, AST, and LDH and in vivo methods by measures of serum biochemical parameters and histological liver changes. The LHME exhibited significant (p<0.01) hepatoprotective activity in both in vivo and in vitro models, which may be attributed to its antioxidant property. (11)
ª Anti-Inflammatory / LD50 / Leaves:
Study evaluated various extracts of leaves for phytochemical profile, acute toxicity, and anti-inflammatory properties. Phytochemical analysis of leaf extract yielded alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, saponins (steroids / triterpenes) and carbohydrates. The median lethal dose (LD50) of extracts by oral route was greater than 5000 mg/kg. Results showed significant decrease (p<0.05) of carrageenan induced paw edema in rats, with the hexane extract showing highest activity compared to other extracts. (12)


Availability
Wild-crafted. 


Updated July 2019 / March 2016

Photo © Godofredo Stuart / StuartXchange
OTHER IMAGE SOURCE: Line Drawing / Ludwigia hyssopifolia (G. Don) Exell [as Jussiaea linifolia Vahl] / Flora Brasiliensis, vol. 13(2): Heft 67, Heft 67, t. 33 (1875) / Plant Illustration

Additional Sources and Suggested Readings
(1)
ANTITUMOR AND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF ETHYLACETATEEXTRACT OF LUDWIGIA HYSSOPIFOLIA LINN AND ITS ACTIVE PRINCIPLE PIPERINE / Banibrata Das, Juthika Kundu, Sitesh C Bachar, Joydeb Kumar Kundu / Pak. J. Pharm. Sci., 2007; 20(2): pp 128-131
(2)
ANTIDIARRHEAL ACTIVITY OF THE METHANOLEXTRACT OF LUDWIGIA HYSSOPIFOLIA LINN / Mohammad Shaphiullah, Bachar SC, Kundu JK, Uddin MA, Khan MT / Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jan 2003; Vol 16, No 1: pp 7-11
(3)
Ludwigia hyssopifolia (G. Don) Exell / Catalogue of Life, China

(4)
A STUDY ON ANALGESIC ACTIVITY OF JUSSIAEA HYSSOPIFOLIA G. DON / Sanjaya Kumar Panda*, Vijayendra Singh / Inventi Impact: Planta Activa, 2012/7/15
(5)
Assessment of anthelmintic activity of Jussiaea hyssopifolia G. Don
/ Anuj Kumar Agrahari *, Ashutosh Meher, Amiya Ranjan Padhan, Srimanta Dash / Asian Journal of Plant Science and Research, 2011, 1 (4):87-91
(6)
Ludwigia hyssopifolia / Synonyms / The Plant List
(7)
Anti-inflammatory, analgesic and diuretic activity of Ludwigia hyssopifolia Linn / JK Kundu, B Das, J Kundu, SC Bachar / Archives of Medical and Biomedical Research, 2014; 1(4 ): pp 139-146 / http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ambr.v1i4.3
(8)
Ludwigia hyssopifolia (water primrose) / Invasive Species Compendium
(9)
A New Triterpene from Ludwigia hyssopifolia (G.Don) Exell
/ Ayinampudi Sridhar Rao*, Ramchander Merugu, Thirupathaiah Atthapu / International Journal of ChemTech Research / IJCRGG, Jan-Mar 2013; Vol.5, No.1, pp 342-346
(10)
Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity of the bark extract of Plumeria on rubra laboratory animals / Banibrata Das*, Tarana Ferdous, Qazi Asif Mahmood, J.M.A. Hannan, Rajib Bhattacharjee and Biplab Kumar Das
(11)
In vitro and In vivo hepatoprotective studies on methanolic extract of aerial parts of Ludwigia hyssopifoliaG. Don Exell / Palleria Praneetha, Yellu Narsimha Reddy, Bobbala Ravi Kumar / Phamacognosy Magazine, 2018, 14(59): pp 546-553 / DOI: 10.4103/pm.pm_85_18
(12)
PHARMACOGNOSTIC AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY STUDIES ON THE LEAF OF LUDWIGIA ABYSSINICA RICH. (ONAGRACEAE) / AISHA BARAU, IBRAHIM / Dissertation, April 2017
(13)
Ethnomedicinal survey of plants used in the treatment of malaria in southern nigeria / P.C. Iyamah, M. Idu / dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2015.07.008 JEP9623

It is not uncommon for links on studies/sources to change. Copying and pasting the information on the search window or using the DOI (if available) will often redirect to the new link page. (Citing and Using a (DOI) Digital Object Identifier)

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