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Family Meliaceae
Santol
Sandoricum koetjape (Burm.f.) Merr.

LOLLY FRUIT
Suan ming gou

Scientific names Common names
Azedarach edule Noronha Santol (Tag.)
Melia koetjape Burm. f.  Santor (Most dialects)
Sandoricum glaberrimum Hassk.  Katoh (Pamp.)
Sandoricum harmandianum Pierre  Katul (Sbl.)
Sandoricum harmansianum Perkins Kechapi (Eng.)
Sandoricum indicum Cav.  Cotton fruit (Engl.)
Sandoricum koetjape (Burm.f) Merr. Lolly fruit (Engl.)
Sandoricum maingayi Hiern Red santol (Engl.)
Sandoricum nervosum Blume Wild mangosteen (Engl.)
Sandoricum radiatum King  
Sandoricum serratum G.Don  
Sandoricum ternatum Blanco  
Sandoricum venosum M.Roem.  
Sandoricum vidalii Merr.  
Trichilia nervosa Vahl                    
Trichilia venosa Spreng.  
Sandoricum koetjape (Burm.f.) Merr. is an accepted name. KEW: Plants of the World Online

Other vernacular names
BRUNEI: Klampu.
CHINESE: Suan ming kou, Suan ming guo.
FRENCH: Faux mangoustan, Sandorique, Mangoustanier sauvage.
GERMAN: Sandoribaum, Falsche mangostane, Sandorie-baum.
GUAM: Santor.
INDONESIA: Kecapi, Ketuat.
KHMER: Kom piing riech.
LAOTIAN: Tong, Toongz.
MALAY: Klampu, Kecapi, Kelampu, Ketapi, Ranggu, Sentol, Setol, Sentul.
MYANMAR:  Santal, Thitto.
SINO-TIBETAN: Lao.
SRI LANKAN: Donka.
TAMIL: Sayai, Sevai.
THAI: Katon, Kra thon, Sa thon, Satawn.
VIETNAMESE: Sau chua, Sau tia, Sau do.

Gen info
- There are two varieties of the santol fruit, which was previously considered two different species: the yellow variety and the red -- the difference is in the color that older leaves turn to before falling; and the red more common, with the mix of red and green leaves adding to its distinction and attraction. (48)

Botany
Sandlot is a tree growing up to 20 meters high, with softly hairy young branches and leaves. Leaves are groups of 3 leaflets, elliptic to oblong-ovate, 10 to 25 centimeter long, with pointed tips and round bases. Flowers are numerous, somewhat fascicled, about 1 centimeter long, in greenish or yellowish clusters. Fruits are rounded and somewhat flattened, 4 to 6 centimeters, yellowish-orange when ripe with a thick pericarp. Seeds are large, surrounded by a translucent or pale, sweet tasting edible pulp.

Distribution
- Native to the Philippines. (
21)
- Throughout settled areas in the Philippines, planted or semi-cultivated, and abundant in secondary forests.
- Also native to Borneo, Jawa, Lesser Sunda Is., Malaya, New Guinea, Sulawesi, Sumatera. (
21)

Constituents
- Bark contains traces of a bitter principle, a toxic alkaloid.
- Seed contains an amorphous bitter principle.
- Bark also contains a bitter substance, sandoricum acid, similar to acids found in Chisocheton, dysoxylum, heynea and carapa.
- Thai study yielded two new limonoids from the leaves: sandoripin A and sandoripin B.
- Study on leaves have yielded trijugin-type limonoids, sandrapins A, B, C, D and E and sandoripin A and B.

- Studies have yielded more than 10 terpenoids. Terpenoids represent the largest class of secondary metabolites from natural source.
- Seeds have yielded andirobin-type limonoids - sandoricin and 6-hydroxysandoricin.
- Fruit hulls have yielded bryononic acid and bryonolic acid terpenoids, meso-inositol and dimethyl mucate polyalcohol.
- Stem bark studies have yielded triterpenoids such as, katonic acid, indicic acid, koetjapic acid, 3-oxo-12-oleanen-29-oic acid, alloaromadendrene, caryophyllene oxide, spathulenol], bryononic acid, secobryononic acid, secoisobryononic acid, 20-epikoetjapic acid, 3-epikatonic acid and sandorinic acid A, B and C.
- Ethyl acetate extract of leaves yielded two new limonoids: 2α-(2-methylbutanoyl)oxy]sandoricin (1) and 2α-(2-methylpropanoyl)oxy]sandoricin (2). (18)
- Hexane extract of stem bark yielded an oleane-type triterpenoid, briononic acid. (see study below) (19)

- Ethyl acetate extract of leaves yielded two new limonoids identified as acetate derivatives 1 and 2, suggested to be added to the class of highly oxidized ring fissioned limonoids. (26)
- Study of stem bark yielded secomultiflorane-type triterpenoid acids: bryononic acid and two new ring=A secotriterpenoids. (30)
- Study yielded two new additional trijugin-type limonoids, sandrapins D (4) and E (5), which are analogues of previously reported sandrapins A-C (1-3). (34)
- Study of seeds isolated three andirobin- and one trijugin-class limonoids, named koetjapins A-D (1-4). (see study below)  (37)
- Study of leaves extract isolated three new pentacyclic triterpenes, named sandkoetjapic acids A-C (1-3), along with known triterpenes 3-oxo-olean-12-en-29-oic (4), bryonolic (5), and bryononic (6) acids. (None of them showed activity as inhibitors of RTKs and ß-lactamase) (43)

Properties
- Roots is aromatic, carminative, antispasmodic, astringent, stomachic, and tonic.
- Fruit considered astringent.

- Studies have suggested ichthyotoxic, anticarcinogenic, antibacterial, antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, termite repellent, insecticidal, antiangiogenic, antifungal, xanthine oxidase inhibitory properties.

Medical emergencies associated with seed swallowing: Obstruction, perforation and peritonitis
- Thai and Philippine physicians have reported and warned on the risk of swallowing whole seeds of Sandoricum koetjape and the possible complications of intestinal obstruction, perforation, and peritonitis, and the emergency surgery required. In a retrospective study, 6 of 30 patients with seed-induced perforation died within 28 days  of surgery, the mortality often in the picture of septic shock.
The 'bangkok santol", a larger variety, may be responsible for more severe cases that require surgery. (48) (see study below: 23)

Parts used
Roots, bark, and leaves.

Uses
Nutrition / Edibility
- Fruit is eaten raw or spiced.
- High in carbohydrates, fair in iron, but low in calcium.
- Fair source of vitamin B.
- Santol makes a delicious preserve - peeled, quartered, and cooked in syrup.
- Unripe, sour fruits used as souring agent in sinigang.
- In Thai cuisine, not fully ripe fruit is used in making som tam. It is also one of the main ingredients in santol/pork and santol/prawn Thai curries.
(48)
Folkloric
- Fresh leaves applied to the skin are sudorific.
- Used by the Ifugaos for diarrhea.
- Ayta people of Porac, Pampanga, apply mashed fresh leaves throughout the body as repellent against hematophagous insects. (35)
- Indigenous people of Santol, La Union, use the lolly fruit for fever and diarrhea. Bark used in embalming, placed inside the casket. (36)
- Decoction or infusion of leaves used for baths to reduce fever.
- Also, used for diarrhea and as a tonic after childbirth.
- Bark poultice used for ringworm.
- Bitter roots, bruised with vinegar and water, is a carminative; used for diarrhea and dysentery.
- Pounded barks applied to ringworm.
- Leaves used for skin infections and rashes.
- Roots used as tonic.

- Roots used in Malay medicine as preventive after childbirth and as a general tonic.
- In Malaysia, aqueous extract of the bark is consumed as a tonic after childbirth. (8)
- In Indonesia, bark decoction used to treat leucorrhea and colic. (8) Used for treatment of stomachache, diarrhea, vaginal discharge, and as postpartum tonic. (45)
Others
- Wood: Yields a lightweight to medium-weight hardwood. Used for light construction, joinery, domestic woodware, tool handles, and wood carvings.
- Fragrance: Fragrant wood used in perfumery. (27)
- Dye: Bark used for tanning fishing nets. (27)
- Poison: Seeds contain limonoids (antifeedant compounds). (27)
- Insect repellent: Leaves used as insect repellent. (35)

Studies
Ichthyotoxic and Anticarcinogenic Effects: Two ichthyotoxic triterpenoids were isolated with non-toxic katonic acid which showed remarkable inhibitory effect on Epstein-Barr virus early antigen activation. The triterpenoid koetjapic acid showed promising chemopreventive possibility. (1)
Anti-cancer: Study isolated a new ring-A secotriterpene, koetjapic acid, and five known compounds. Two compounds exhibited significant cytotoxic activity against cultured human cancer cells. (2)
Anti-inflammatory / Stems: Stem extract study yielded 3-oxo-12-oleanen-29-oic acid and katonic acid which showed anti-inflammatory activity equivalent to indomethacin. (3)
DNA Polymerase B Inhibition: Bioassay-guided fractionation of S. koetjape using assay sensitive to DNA polymerase ß inhibition isolated three compounds (1-3) having IC50 values from 20 to 36 µM. Derivatives 11, 12, and 13 from compounds 1 and 2 showed activity against DNA polymerase ß with IC50 values from 16 to 36 µM. (4)
Termite Repellent: Although the research product was not quick in killing termites. it was as good as the commercial product in repelling them. It also showed to be environmentally friendly, organic, lacking unpleasant odors and containing no dangerous chemicals. (6)
Antiangiogenic / Koetjapic Acid: Antiangiogenesis is the formation of new blood vessels and plays an important role in tumor growth and metastasis. It is an important target in cancer therapy. Study isolated koetjapic acid, a seco-A-ring oleanene triterpene. Results suggest the non-cytotoxic compound, KA, may be a potent antiangiogenic agent; its activity may be attributed to inhibition of endothelial cells migration and differentiation as well as VEGF suppression. (9)
Breast Cancer / Cytotoxic / Apoptotic: A n-hexane extract showed dose-dependent cytotoxic and apoptotic activities on all breast cancer cell lines. Study provides evidence for the presence of an effective anticancer agent in the stem bark of S. koetjape. (10)
Topical Anti-Inflammatory Effect / Stem Extracts: Anti-inflammatory effect of stem extracts was investigated on topical administration in a TPA-induced mouse ear inflammation model. Fractionation of active fractions isolated 3-oxo-12-oleanen-29-oic acid and katonic acid as the biotic principles responsible for the anti-inflammatory activity. The inhibition effect was almost equivalent to indomethacin. (13)
Cytotoxic / Anti-Angiogenic / Stem Bark: An n-hexane extract of stem bark of S. koetjape was investigated for cytotoxic and anti-angiogenic properties in an invitro cell proliferation assay. In a rat aorta ring assay, study showed inhibition of outgrowth of blood vessels from rat aorta rings. Extract also showed dose-dependent growth inhibition of all tested cell lines. At 50 µg mL, there was potent induction of apoptotic cell death of HCT-116 colon cancer cell line by inducing caspases activity. Results showed anti-angiogenic and apoptotic properties on colon cancer cell line. (14)
Breast Cancer / Cytotoxic / Apoptotic / Stem Bark: Study evaluated cytotoxic and apoptotic properties of stem bark in an invitro cell proliferation assay on three breast cancer cell lines and one normal cell line. The n-hexane extract exhibited dose-dependent growth inhibition of all tested cell lines. At 100 µg m, there was induced apoptotic cell death by inducing activity of effector caspases. Results suggest S. koetjape is a good candidate for further research targeting cancer treatment. (15)
Sentulic Acid / Cytotoxic Tritpenoids / Human Promyelocytic Leukemia HL-60 Cells: Study isolated a new ring A-seco triterpenoid, sentulic acid, along with a known oleanane-type triterpenoid, 3-oxoolean-12-en-27-oic acid. Cytotoxic activity was studied on human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cells. Results showed the compound were able to induce cytotoxicity through apoptosis. (16)
Biosorption / Lead and Cadmium / Peel Wastes: In a study comparing biosorbent capacity of peel wastes of S. koetjape, A. comosus and C. nobilis for removal of lead and cadmium in contaminated tap water from Manila, S. koetjape showed the highest biosorption efficiency for lead and cadmium at 64.02% and 78.94% respectively. (17)
Briononic Acid: A hexane extract of stem bark yielded an oleane-type triterpenoid, briononic acid. Study suggests it originated from β-amyrin undergoing enzymatic hydrogenation reaction at C-12 followed by rearrangement process. (See constituents above) (19)
Bioinsecticide Effect: Study evaluated stem bark extracts of five Meliaceous plants in Indonesia against 3rd instar larvae of armyworm, Spodoptera litura. The maximum bioinsecticide effect was seen with Sandoricum koetjape and suggests promise as a botanical insecticide. (
20)
Retrospective Study / Peritonitis due to Seed Ingestion: Study evaluated the factor associated with mortality of patients with peritonitis due to S. koetjape seed ingestion. All patients were diagnosed with seed-induced colon perforation intraoperatively. Six of 30 patients died. The factor-associated mortality was consistent with a picture of septic shock. Early recognition and treatment of hypotension with surgery and control of infection is key to the improvement of mortality outcome. (
23)
Limonoid Antifeedant / Seeds: Two new limonoids, sandoricin (1) and 6-hydroxysandoricin (2) from a seed extract f S. koetjape showed effective antifeedant activity when incorporated into artificial diets and fed to fa army worm (Spodoptera frugiperda) or European corn borer (Ostrina nubilalis) larvae. (
24)
Antifungal / Candida albicans / Stem: Study evaluated S. koetjape methanol bark extracts and fractions for antifungal activity against C. albicans. GC-MS analysis showed fraction III to have greatest antifungal activity with potential antifungal compounds identified as α-gurjunene, trans-caryophyllene, aromadendrene, α-humulene, β-caryophyllene, δ-Cadinene, alloaromadendrene, octadecanoic acid, hexadecanoic acid methyl ester, hexadecanoic acid, 9-octadecenoic acid metil ester, 9-octadecenoic acid.
(25)
• Risk-Associated Mortality / Peritonitis from Sandorica Koetjape Seed Ingestion: Retrospective study reports on the mortality of patients who presented with peritonitis due to S. koetjape seed ingestion. All patients received preoperative diagnosis of Sandorica seed-induced colon perforation. Six of 30 patients died during a 28-day hospitalization. The clinical picture was consistent with septic shock. (28)
• Potential Antioxidant Source / Agricultural Peel Waste: The peel, the outer skin covering the fruit, is often discarded as agricultural waste. Studies have shown the peel to be an abundant source of natural antioxidant compounds, such as tannins and polyphenols. In this study, freeze-dried aqueous extract of fruit peel was evaluated for antioxidant properties at concentrations of 200 ppm. Extract exhibited greater than 90% free radical scavenging by DPPH and superoxide radical scavenging assays. Extract exhibited good antioxidant capacity with ORAC f 139,000 µmol TE/1000 g and highest total phenolic content at 1,734 mg GAE/100g. Results suggest the agricultural fruit peel waste has potential for commercial development as a natural antioxidant dietary supplement. (29)
• Antimicrobial / Seeds: Study evaluated various extracts of seeds for phytochemical constituents and antimicrobial activity against three bacteria viz., P. aeruginosa, B. subtilis, and S. aureus. Phytochemical screening yielded high amounts of alkaloid and flavonoid. A crude methanol extract showed inhibition zones towards the three test bacteria with minimal IZ of 0.25 mg/L for B. subtilis and 0.50 mg/L for both P. aeruginosa and S. aureus. (31)
• Inhibition of Blood Type O Fibrin Formation / Leaves: Study evaluated the inhibitory activity of S. koetjape leaf extract to blood type O fibrin formation. Warfarin was used as positive control. Results showed the 100% concentration has the highest time of coagulation but replication was almost the same. (32)
• Invention / Anticancer / Human Colorectal Cell Line: Invention relates to extracts from S. koetjape plant, their usages and functions in the treatment of cancer. The invention provides a compound purified and crystallized from an n-hexane extract of stem bark. Compound shows inhibitory activity towards human cancer cell with higher potency towards human colorectal (HCT 116) cell lines. (33)
• Limonoids / Antileukemic / Inhibitory Effect on P-388 Cells / Seeds: Study of seeds isolated three andirobin- and one trijugin-class limonoids, named koetjapins A-D (1-4).  Preliminary biological activity showed only compound 4 has significant inhibitory activity against P-388 cells, while antibacterial tests showed none of the compounds were active. (37)
• Sandoripins / Anti-Inflammatory / Leaves: Study of Sandoricum koetjape leaves isolated two new limonoids, sanjecumins A and B (1,2), together with sandoripins A and B (3,4). Sandoripins A and B showed moderate inhibition of nitric oxide production in mouse macrophage-like cell line J774.1 stimulated by lipopolysaccharide. (38)
• Inhibition of Growth and Transcription of E. coli Colibactin Genes: In a study of 16 medicinal plants, aqueous extracts of Terminalia catappa, Psidium guajava and Sandoricum koetjape showed growth inhibition against E. coli ATCC25922, which is known to produce colibactin toxin. The plant extracts contain tannin and quercetin, known to inhibit the growth of E. coli ATCC 25922. The extracts showed efficacy in down-regulating the expression of five genes required for colibactin biosynthesis. Results suggest the plant extracts and compounds have potential to prevent the transient infection and DNA damage of the eukaryotic epithelial cells. (39)
• Cytotoxic / Anti-Angiogenic / Apoptotic / Stem Bark: Study evaluated the cytotoxic and anti-angiogenic properties of n-hexane extract of S. koetjape stem bark in vitro. The extract showed dose dependent growth inhibition of all tested cell lines with IC50s against HCT-116, HUVEC, CCD-18CO, and HT-29 of 14, 23, 50, and 52 µg/mL, respectively. At 50 µg/mL, the extract potently induced apoptotic cell death of HCT-116 colon cancer cell line by inducing caspases 3 and 7 activity. Results suggest the extract possess both anti-angiogenic and apoptotic properties on colon cancer cell lines. (
40)
• Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitory / Antioxidant /  Leaves: Study evaluated the antioxidant and xanthine oxidase inhibitory effect of S. koetjape methanol leaves extract. The ME contained high amounts of phenolic and flavonoid compounds. For antioxidant and XO inhibition, the ethyl acetate fraction revealed strong activity with IC50s of 3.70 and 50.18 µg/mL, respectively. XO inhibition by the EA extract was competitive inhibition that mimics the inhibition mechanism of allopurinol. LC-MS/MS chromatogram yielded dehydrotumulosic acid, methyl ophiopogonanone A, quercetin-4'-glucoside, luteolin-7-ß-D-glucopyranoside and neokurarinol. (
41)
• Sentulic acid  / Anti-Inflammatory: Study isolated a seco-terpenoid, sentulic acid (SA) from Sandoricum koetjape, which attenuated nitric oxide (NO) production following co-stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interferon-gamma (IFN
-γ) in RAW264.7 macrophage cells. Both mRNA and protein expression levels of inducible NO synthase were suppressed by SA. Sentulic acid treatment inhibited the binding of LPS to TLR4 in macrophages. Results suggest SA is beneficial for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. (42)
• Antioxidant / Juice: The juice of S. koetjape yields high total phenolic content (617.04 µg GAE/g sample. Higher phenolic content was detected in crude methanolic extract (241.01 GAE/100 g FW). The antioxidant activities could be associated with high TPC. The juice exhibited great DPPH scavenging activity (418.22 µg VCEA/g sample). Extract also elicited antioxidant activity in HEK-293 cells by attenuating H2O2-induced ROS production.  Results attribute the antioxidant activity from induction of mRNA and protein expression of GPx-1 in HEK-293 cells. (44)
• Bryononic Acid / Antibacterial / Fruit Hulls: Study isolated triterpenoid Bryononic Acid from S. koetjape. Antibacterial activity was evaluated using microdilution method. Extracts and fractions showed activity against Salmonella enterica with MICs of 6.0 µg/mL. (45)
• Anti-Inflammatory in Post Scaling Gingivitis / Peel: Study evaluated the effects various solvent fractions on the phytochemical compounds of Sentul fruit peel and its potential as anti-inflammatory in post-scaling gingivitis. Flavonoids, saponins, and tannins are aromatic hydroxyl groups that act as antibacterial. The aqua fraction of Sentul ethanol extract yielded the highest levels of flavonoids, saponins, and tannins, and was considered the best treatment with flavonoid level of 11476.16 mg/100g QE,, tannins 88.605 mg/g and saponins 6.862 mg/g. (46)
• Anti-Inflammatory in Post Scaling Gingivitis / Peel: Streptococcus mutans is one of the microorganisms known to cause dental caries. Kecapi sentul leaves extract contain alkaloid, flavonoid, steroid, phenol, and triterpenoid which has antibacterial properties for inhibition of S. mutans. Study evaluated various concentrations of leaves extracts and chlorhexidine gluconate 0.2% as positive control. Results showed the leaves extracts with concentration groups of 30, 40, 50, 60 and 70% (mean diameter of inhibition zones were 9.1 mm, 13.3 mm. 17.13 mm, 18.65 mm and 21.05 mm, respectively) have antibacterial potential against Streptococcus mutans. (47)

Availability
Wild-crafted.
Cultivated for its fruit.
 

Updated September 2022 / May 2019 / November 2017 / June 2016

PHOTOS / ILLUSTRATIONS
Photos ©Godofredo Stuart / StuartXchange
IMAGE SOURCE / File:Sandoricum koetjape Blanco1.127-cropped.jpg / Flora de Filipinas / Franciso Manuel Blanco (OSA), 1880-1883 / Public Domain/ Modifications by Carol Spear / Wikimedia Commons

Additional Sources and Suggested Readings
(1)
Ichthyotoxic and Anticarcinogenic Effects of Triterpenoids from Sandoricum koetjape Bark / Intan Safinar Ismail, Hideyuki Ito, Takashi Yoshida et al / Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 2003; 26(9): pp 1351-1353 / DOI: 10.1248/bpb.26.1351 / pISSN: 0918-6158 / eISSN: 1347-5215
(2)
Plant anticancer agents, L. cytotoxic triterpenes from Sandoricum koetjape stems / Norito Kaneda, John M. Pezzuto, A. Douglas Kinghorn, Norman R. Farnsworth et a / J Nat Prod. 1992 May;55(5):654-9.
(3)
Antiinflammatory activity of stem extracts of Sandoricum koetjape / M A Rasadag et al / Phytomedicine, Volume 11, Issue 2, Pages 261-263
(4)
DNA Polymerase β Inhibitors from Sandoricum koetjape / Di-An Sun et al / J. Nat. Prod., 1999, 62 (8): pp 1110–1113 / DOI: 10.1021/np990104r
(5)
Modified limonoids from the leaves of Sandoricum koetjape / Intan S Ismail et al / Phytochemistry
Volume 64, Issue 8, December 2003, Pages 1345-1349 / doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(03)00500-4
(6)
Sandoricum koetjape (Santol) Tree Bark Extract as Pesticide-Repellant for Termites / Michael Janus Manzano / Research Project • Rizal National Science High School

(7)
Two new limonoids from the leaves of Sandoricum koetjape / Orasa Pancharoen, Anchalee Pipatanapatikarn, Walter Charles et al / Natural Product Research, Vol 23, No 1, 2009 / /DOI:10.1080/14786410601133426
(8)
The Pharmacological Properties Of Terpenoids From Sandoricum Koetjape / Zeyad D. Nassar, Abdalrahim A.F. Aisha , Amin Malik Shah Abdul Majid / Webmed Central. COMPLEMENTARY MEDICINE, 2010; 1(12): WMC001311 / doi: 10.9754/journal.wmc.2010.001311
(9)
Antiangiogenic properties of Koetjapic acid, a natural triterpene isolated from Sandoricum koetjaoe Merr / Zeyad D Nassar, Abdalrahim FA Aisha, Mohamed BK Ahamed et al / Cancer Cell International 2011, 11:12 / doi:10.1186/1475-2867-11-12
(10)
In vitro Cytotoxic and Apoptotic Properties of the Stem Bark of Sandoricum koetjape on Breast Cancer Cells
/ A F A Aisha, S A Alrokayan et al / International Journ of Cancer Research, 5(3):123-129, 2009
(11)
The use of medicinal plants by Ifugao-migrants in the foothills of the Sierra Madre mountain range / Jasper Wester
(12)
Sandoricum koetjape (Kechapi) / Common names / ZipcodeZoo
(13)
Anti-inflammatory agents from Sandoricum koetjape Merr. / M A Rasadah, S Khozirah, A A Aznie, M M Nik / / Phytomedicine, 11(2-3):261-3. / DOI:10.1078/0944-7113-00339
(14)
Cytotoxic and Anti-Angiogenic Properties of the Stem Bark Extract of Sandoricum koetjape / A.F.A. Aisha, H.B. Sahib, K.M. Abu-Salah, Y. Darwis and A.M.S. Abdul Majid / International Journal of Cancer Research, 2009; 5(3): pp 105-114. / DOI: 10.3923/ijcr.2009.105.114
(15)
In vitro Cytotoxic and Apoptotic Properties of Stem Bark Extract of Sandoricum koetjape on Breast Cancer Cells / A F A Aisha, S A Alrokayan, K M Abu-Salah, Y. Darwis, and A M S Abdul Majid / International Journal of Cancer Research 5(3): 123-129, 2009.
(16)
Sentulic acid: A cytotoxic ring A-seco triterpenoid from Sandoricum koetjape Merr / Mai Efdi Masayuki Ninomiya Erma Suryani Kaori Tanaka Sanusi Ibrahim Kunitomo Watanabe Mamoru Koketsu / Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 17 May 2012; 22(13): pp 4242-4245 / DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.05.043
(17)
Peel Wastes of Ananas comosus (L.) Merr., Sandoricum koetjape Merr., Citrus nobilis Lour. as Lead and Cadmium Biosorbent in Manila Tap Water / Judilyn N. Solidum / Journal of Environmental Science and Management, Dec 2013; 16(2): pp 28-35
(18)
Chemical Constituents from the Leaves of Sandoricum koetjape / O. Pancharoen, P. Haboonmee, W.C. Taylor / Proc. WOCMAP III, Vol. 3: Perspectives in Natural Product Chemistry, Acta Hort. 677, ISHS 2005
(19)
BRIONONIC ACID FROM THE HEXANE EXTRACT OF Sandoricum koetjape MERR STEM BARK (meliaceae) / Tukiran *, Saidah, Suyatno, Nurul Hidayati and Kuniyoshi Shimizu / Indo. J. Chem., 2006, 6 (3), 304 - 306
(20)
BIOINSECTICIDE TEST OF CRUDE STEM BARK EXTRACTS OF SOME MELIACEOUS PLANTS AGAINST SPODOPTERA LITURA / Tukiran / Global Journal of Biology, Agriculture & Health Sciences, G.J.B.A.H.S.,Vol.2(3):28-31, July-Sept 2013
(21)
Sandoricum koetijape / Plants of the World Online
(22)
Sandoricum koetjape / Vernacular names / Lim T K / Edible Medicinal And Non Medicinal Plants: Volume 3, Fruits
(23)
Risk-associated mortality in patients with peritonitis due to Sandorica Koetjape seed ingestion: a retrospective study. / Changsrisuk S, Chutipongtanate S. / J Med Assoc Thai. 2013; 96(7): pp 807-813.
(24))
Limonoid antifeedants from seed of Sandoricum koetjape. / Powell RG1, Mikolajczak KL, Zilkowski BW, Mantus EK, Cherry D, Clardy J. / J Nat Prod. 1991 Jan-Feb;54(1):241-6.
(25)
IDENTIFICATION OF COMPOUND ANTIFUNGI OF Sandoricum koetjape. Stem AND ACTIVITY TO Candida albicans / Warsinah Warsinah, Eka Kusumawati, Sunarto Sunarto / Traditional Medicine Journal, Vol 16, No 3 (2011)
(26)
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS FROM THE LEAVES OF SANDORICUM KOETJAPE / O. Pancharoen, P. Haboonmee, W.C. Taylor / / III WOCMAP Congress on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants - Volume 3: Perspectives in Natural Product Chemistry / Eds. K.H.C. Başer, G. Franz, S. CaÒigueral, F. Demirci, L.E. Craker and Z.E. Gardner / Acta Hort. 677, ISHS 2005
(27)
Sandoricum koetjape / WorldAgroForestry Database
(28)
Risk-Associated Mortality in Patients with Peritonitis Due to Sandorica Koetjape Seed Ingestion: A Retrospective Study / Somdej Changsrisuk, Somchai Chutipongtanate / JOURNAL OF THE MEDICAL ASSOCIATION OF THAILAND, Vol 96, No 7
(29)
Antioxidant Evaluation Of Agricultural Waste: Sandoricum Koetjape (Burm. F.) Merr. Fruit Peel Extract / Shalini Markandan, Viimala S, Abdull Rashih A, Muhammad Kamil O / Conference: 5th International Conference On Biotechnology For Industry Wellness: UTM, Kuala Lum / June 2014 / DOI: 10.13140/2.1.4635.2007
(30)
Bryononic acid and two new ring-A secotriterpenoids were isolated from Sandoricum koetjape stem bark and their structures elucidated by NMR spectrometry.  / Kosela, S.; Yulizar, Y.; Chairul; Tori, M.; Asakawa, Y. / DOI: 10.1016/0031-9422(94)e0242-k
(31)
Phytochemical Screening and Antimicrobial Activities of Seed Extracts From Sandoricum Koetjape / Saripah Salbiah Syed Abd. Azziz, Hasimah Alimon, Asmaniza Abdullah Sani, Norhayati Daud , Nor Nafizah Mohd Noor  / The Open Conference Proceedings Journal, 2013; 4:104 / DOI: 10.2174/2210289201304010104
(32)
Inhibitory activity of Sandoricum koetjape Merr. (santol) leaf extract to Blood Type O fibrin formation
/ Sergio Jabel II, Maria Feibe M Pastoril, Josephine Fe, Sheryll B Sacramento / University of the Visayas Journal of Research (UVJOR), 2014; 8(1): pp 37-46
(33)
Composition comprising sandoricum koetjape extracts and uses thereof  / InventorL Amin Malik Shah Abdul Majid, Khalid M Abu-Salah et al / WO2013028051A1 - WIPO (PCT)
(34)
Two new analogues of trijugin-type limonoids from the leaves of Sandoricum koetjape. / Ismail Intan Safinar; Ito Hideyuki; Hatano Tsutomu; Taniguchi Shoko; Yoshida Takashi / Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 2004: pp 1145-1147
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A survey of plants used as repellents against hematophagous insects by the Ayta people of Porac, Pampanga province, Philippines / Jasper John A. Obico and Elena M. Ragragio / Philippine Science Letters, 2014; 7(1): pp 179-186
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Ethnomedicinal Knowledge of Plants among the Indigenous Peoples of Santol, La Union, Philippines / Michelle B Ducusin / Electronic Journal of Biology, 13:4
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Four limonoids from the seeds extract of Sandoricum koetjape
/ Miranti B bumi, Leny Heliawaty, Elvira Hermawati, Yana M Syah / Journal of Natural Medicines, 2019; 73: pp 641-647 /
DOI: 10.1007/s11418-019-01303-w
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Sanjecumins A and B: new limonoids from Sandoricum koethape
/ Yuta Nagakura, Alfarius Eko Nugroho, Hiroshi Morita et al / Journal of Natural Medicines, 2013; 67: 381-385 / DOI: 10.1007/s11418-012-0677-4
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Medicinal plant extracts protect epithelial cells from infection and DNA damage caused by colibactin-producing Escherichia coli and inhibit the growth of the bacteria
/ T Kaewkod, R Tobe, Y Tragoolpua, H Mihara / Journal of Applied Microbiology, 2021; 130(3): pp 769-785 / DOI: 10.1111/jam.14817
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Cytotoxic and anti-angiogenic properties of the stem bark extract of Sandoricum koetjape / A F A Aiisha, H B Sahib, K M Salah, Y Darwis, A M S Abdul Majid / International Journal of Cancer Research (USA), 2009; 5(3): pp 105-114 / DOI: 10.3923/ijcr.2009.105.114 / ISSN: 1811-9727 / Rec No: 20093346991
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Antioxidant and Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitory Acivities of Kecapi (Sandoricum koetjape (Burm.f) Merr.) Leaf Extract
/ Fajar Nur Hamzah, Subandi, Wawan Sujarwo et al / IOP Conference Series: Materials and Science Engineering, Vol 833, 2020, 012012, Indonesia
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Sentulic acid isolated from Sandoricum koetjape Merr. attenuates lipopolysaccharide and interferon gamma co-stimulated nitric oxide production in murine macrophage RAW264 cells / Tomohiro Itoh, Kousuke Katsurayama, Mai Efdi et al / Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters, Dec 2018; 28(22): pp 3496-3501 / DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.10.008
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Pentacyclic triterpenes from the leaves extract of Sandoricum koetjape / Karlina Saptanti, Leny Heliawati, Elvira Hermawati, Yana M Syah / Journal of Natural Medicines, 2022; 76: pp 842-848 /
DOI: 10.1007/s11418-022--01620-7
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Thai Fruits Exhibit Antioxidant Activity and Induction of Antioxidant Enzymes in HEK-293 Cells / Natthinee Anantachoke, Pattamapan Lomarat, Supachoke Mangmool et al / Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine,Volume 2016, Article ID 6083136 / DOI: 10.1155/2016/6083136
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Bryononic Acid: Antibacterial Compound from Fruit Hulls of S. koetjape Merr Extract
/ Leny Heliawati, Yana Maolana Syah, Miranti Banyuning Bumi / Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical ?Sciences, 12(1) / pISSN: 0974-2115 / e ISSN: 2349-8552
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Sentul Fruit (Sandoricum koetjape) Peel as Anti-Inflammation for Gingivitis after Scaling / Nyoman Wirata, A A Gene Agung, Ni Ketut Nuratni et al / Journal of Health and Medical Sciences, 2021; 4(4) /
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Antibacterial effectiveness of kecapi sentul extract (Sandoricum koetjape Merr.) against Streptococcus mutans / Adhimas Rilo Pambudi, Yusrinie Wasiaturrahmah, Didit Aspriyanto / Odonto Dental Journal, 2021; 8(2) / pISSN: 2354-5992 / eISSN: 2460-4119
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Sandoricum koetjape / Wikipedia

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                                                            List of Understudied Philippine Medicinal Plants

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