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Family Anacardiaceae
Sineguelas
Spondias purpurea Linn.

SPANISH PLUM

Scientific names  Common names
Spondias crispula Beurl.  Saguelas (Ilk.)
Spondias jocote-amarillo Kosterm.  Saraguelas (Ibn.)
Spondias mexicana S.Watson  Sarguelas (Ilk.)
Spondias myrobalanus L. Sereguelas (C. Bis.)
Spondias negrosensis Kosterm. Sineguelas (Tag.)
Spondias oliviformis W.Bull. Sireguelas (Bik.)
Spondias purpurea Linn. Sirhuelas (Tag.)
Spondias purpurea f. lutea Fawc. & Rendle Hog plum (Engl.)
Spondias purpurea var. munita I.M.Johnst. Jamaica plum (Engl.)
Warmingia pauciflora Engl. Purple mombin (Engl.)
  Red mombin (Engl.)
  Scarlet plum (Engl.)
  Spanish plum (Engl.)
   
Many compilations list Spondias purpurea (sineguelas) and Spondias mombin (hevi) separately; some compilations list them as synonyms. (The Plant List lists S. purpurea and S. mombin as separate species.) There is also an overlap for synonyms and common names on both species. Red mombin is applied to S. purpurea and yellow mombin to S. monbin.
Spondias purpurea L. is an accepted spe cies. KEW: Plants of the World Online

Other vernacular names
DANISH: Roed mombinblomme, Roed mombinblomme.
DUTCH: Makka pruim, Rode mombinpruim.
FINNISH: Punamombin.
FRENCH: Mombin rouge(fruit), Prune café (fruit), Prune d'Espagne (fruit), Prune du Chili, Prunier des Antilles (plant), Prunier d'Espagne (plant).
GERMAN: Mombinpflaume, Rote Mombinpflaume, Spanische Pflaume.
ITALIAN: Susina mombin rossa.
PORTUGUESE: Ambuzeiro, Ameixa da Espanha, Cajá, Ciriguela, Cirouela, Imbuzeiro, Umbuzeiro.
SPANISH: Cirgüelo, Ciruela, Ciruela colorada, Ciruela roja, Ciruela común, Ciruela jobo, Ciruela de monte, Ciruelo, Ciruelo de hueso, Ciruela morada, Ciruela roja, Hobo, Hobo blanco, Jobillo, Jobito, Jobo, Jocote, Ubo, Yocote.
SWEDISH: Mombinplommon, Roett balsamplommon.
THAI: Makok farang.

Gen info
- Spondias purpura
is
a species of flowering plant in the cashew family, Anacardiaceae. It is native to the tropical regions of the Americas, from Mexico to northern Columbia and the southwest Caribbean Islands.
- The genus Spondias consists of 17 described species, 7 are native to the Neotropics, and about 19 to tropical Asia.
- Etymology: It is commonly known as 'jocote', which derives from the Nahuatl word xocotl, meaning any kind of sour or acidic fruit. (24)

Botany
Sineguelas is a deciduous tree growing to a height of 5 meters. Trunk is stout, with thick spreading branches. Leaves are pinnate, 15 to 25 centimeters long. Leaflets occur in 5 to 9 pairs, oblong-ovate, 5 to 7 centimeters long. Flowers are solitary or fascicled in the axils of the fallen leaves, reddish, and 3 to 3.5 millimeters long. Fruit is smooth and thin-skinned, oblong or subglobose, about 2.5 centimeters long, with a fleshy pericarp, yellowish green or dark-purplish outside, with a large and stony seed. When ripe, the seed is surrounded by a soft, sweet, and aromatic juicy pulp.

Distribution
- Introduced from tropical America by the Spaniards during the colonial era.
- Cultivated for its edible fruit throughout the Philippines.
- Now pantropic; naturalized throughout the tropics all over the world.

Constituents
- Mineral content and food values are: Moisture 75.6 - 85.44%, ash 0.57-0.9%, phosphorus 0.11%, calcium 0.01%, iron 0.003%, proteins 0.63%, fats 0.09%, carbohydrates 21.16%, crude fiber 0.62%.
- Study of amino acid composition of the gum yielded hydroxyproline (main AA), aspartic acid, glutamic acid, serine, proline, threonine, and alanine.
- Peels of jocote fruits yielded phenolic acids and several flavonol O-glycosides of quercetin, kaempferol, kaempferide and rhamnetin. (8)
- Crude peel extracts yielded phenolic and flavonoid contents of 28.68 ± 0.046 mg GAE/g and 2.64 ± 0.005 mg EQ/g extract, respectively.  (see study below) (26)

Properties
- Fruit is astringent; considered diuretic and antispasmodic.
- Shoots are astringent.
- Seeds considered toxic.
- Studies have suggested antimicrobial, antioxidant, non-mutagenic, anxiolytic, antinociceptive, anxiolytic, antifertility, lipid lowering, hematinic, nutrient, anti-inflammatory, cytoprotective, antiulcer, photoprotective properties.

Parts utilized
Bark, fruit, leaves.

Uses
Edibility
• Fruit has a thin skin and a large seed, surrounded by a soft, sweet, aromatic, and juicy pulp when fully ripe.
Although much eaten, it is not considered a high-quality fruit, with a tendency to cause stomachaches when eaten semi-ripe in large quantities.
• Also used as seasoning for sweets and pickling.
• In the Ecuadorian coastal plain and Andes, processed into marmalade, wine, liquor.
Folkloric
• Decoction of the bark used for dysentery and infantile tympanites.
• Sap of the bark is applied to the infants mouth for stomatitis (dapulak).
• Fruit is astringent and useful in diarrhea.
• In Brazil, decoction of bark used for diarrhea; decoction of flowers and leaves used for constipation and stomach aches. Decoction of the fruit used for diarrhea, dysentery, gonorrhea.
• The Tikunas Indians of the Amazon use the decoction of bark for pain and excessive menstrual bleeding, for stomach pains and diarrhea, and for washing wounds.
Cubans used the fruit as emetic.
Dominicans use it as laxative.
• Bark used for minor skin ulcers.
• In Haiti, leaf juice taken orally for swollen glands and trauma. Crushed leaves applied for headaches. Fruit consumed in large amounts for constipation. Also used for diarrhea and dysentery. Fruit syrup used for angina.
• Fruit decoction used to bathe wounds.

• Juice of fresh leaves used for thrush.
• Decoction of leaves and bark used as febrifuge.
• Crushed leaves applied as head bath for headaches.
• In the Guianas fruit used as ingredient in marmalade laxative; shoots as astringent.
• In Nigeria, infusion of shredded leaves used to wash wounds, cuts, sores and burns.
• In Jamaica, leaves are boiled to make a cold remedy; also used for sore gums, diarrhea and dysentery. In Maya medicine, plant used to make baths for skin diseases.
• Resin of tree used with pineapple and soursop for jaundice.
Amazonian Indians use a daily cup of decoction for permanent sterility.
• In Peru, leaf and bark decoctions used to aid delivery.
• In Guatemala, leaves used for diarrhea and dysentery.

Others
Stains: Fruit used to remove stains from clothing and for washing hands.
• In French Guiana, shoots are considered astringent. Fruit used as ingredient in laxative marmalade. Seeds considered toxic.

Veterinary: In Eastern Nigeria, fresh leaves of S. mombin used to aid delivery and expel the placenta in small ruminants.

Studies
• Many compilations list Spondias purpurea (sineguelas) and Spondias mombin (hevi) separately; some compilations list them as synonyms. There is also an overlap for synonyms and common names on both species. Red mombin is applied to Spondias purpurea and yellow mombin to Spondias mombin.
Until resolved, I have included the studies for Spondias mombin.
• No Antimicrobial Activity / Bark Sap: Study evaluated the antimicrobial properties of sineguelas bark sap against bacterium E. coli and fungus Trichoderma reesei. The bark sap was not effective in inhibiting the growth of both test organisms. (1)
Antimicrobial / Anti-Enterobacterial: In a study of 84 plants screened for in vitro activity against five enterobacterial pathogenic to man, Spondias purpurea was one of ten plants that showed the best antibacterial activity and provides scientific basis for use in enterobacterial infections in man.
(2)
Polysaccharide Gum: Study of S. purpurea var. lutea polysaccharide gum yielded 3-O- and 6-O-galactosyl residues, terminal and 3-O-α-l-arabinofuranosyl, terminal rhamnosyl residues and ironic acids, represented by β-d-glucuronic acid and its 4-O-methyl derivative. (6)
Gum / Pharmaceutical Binding: Study showed the S. purpurea bark gum has binding abilities which can be employed when high mechanical strength and fast to moderate release is required. (7)
Antioxidant / Pharmaceutical Binding: Study evaluated five tropical Brazilian fruits for antioxidant activity using four different assays. All results showed high antioxidant properties for siriguelas (S. purpurea).(9)
No Mutagenic Potential: Study evaluated the mutagenic potential of S. purpurea through the micronucleus test in peripheral blood of mice in vivo. Results showed no mutagenicity. (10)
Antinociceptive Activity / Leaves: Study evaluated the in vivo effects of leaf extracts of S. mombin on reproductive performance of female rats. Results showed antinociceptive activity, but no abortifacient or estrogenic activity. (12)
Anxiolytic Activity: Study evaluated the anxiolytic properties of various extracts of Spondias mombin leaves using aggressive behavior response and depression-related swimming behavior activities. All test extracts abolished aggressive attacks in rats and reduced swimming time in mice. Results suggest an anxiolytic effect mediated by GABAergic transmission.(13)
Male Antifertility Effect / Leaves: Study evaluated an ethanol extract of Spondias mombin leaf on male rats for antifertility effect. There were histomorphological changes in the testis with significant reduction of serum testosterone. Results suggest potential sterility through suppression of spermatogenesis. (14)
Lipid Lowering Effect / Leaves: Study evaluated an aqueous extract of leaves on the serum profile of rabbits. Results showed significant reduction of serum total cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL. (15)
Haematinic Potential / Leaves: Study evaluated the haematinic potential of an ethanol extract of Spondias mombin in female Wistar rats. The extract significantly increased erythrocyte count, hemoglobin concentration and packed cell volume. Result collaborates its traditional use as a haematinic. (16)
Uterine Smooth Muscle Effect / Leaves: Study evaluated ethanolic crude and neutral leaf extracts of S. mombin on serum estradiol, progesterone, and testosterone on albino rabbits and compared with oxytocin. In vivo studies showed the crude extract caused more prolonged muscle contraction, unlike the more forceful effect with oxytocin. While oxytocin synergistically enhances estrogen activity, the extract mechanism of action was apparently dependent on competitive binding to estrogen receptor sites. (17)
Phytochemical and Nutrient Evaluation / Leaves: Phytochemical and nutrient evaluation of S. mombin leaves yielded the presence of bioactive compounds tannins 3.82%; Saponins 7.60%; Flavonoids 3.00%, alkaloids 6.00% and phenols 1.00%. Vitamin analysis yielded ascorbic acid 19.35mg100-1g; Niacin 3.75mg100-1g. Riboflavin 0.25 mg100-1g and Thiamine 0.05 mg100-1g. Mineral analysis yielded K 2.55%, Mg 0.3045%, Na 0.100%, Ca, 1.310% and P, 0.200%. (18)
• Antioxidant / Antiulcer / Leaves: Study evaluated the antioxidant and antiulcer activities of a hexane extract of leaves of S. purpurea. Phenolic compounds and in vitro assays showed antioxidant activity using DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, and phosphomolybdenum assays. Acute ulcers were induced by HCl/ethanol, absolute alcohol, and NSAIDs. SpHE promoted the minimization of ulcers, increased levels of reduced glutathione, and decreased tumor necrosis factor. S. purpurea has antioxidant and antiulcer properties. (20) Study evaluated the antioxidant and antiulcer activities of hexane extract of leaves of S. purpurea. Phenolic compounds and in vitro assays (DPPH, ABTS, FRAO and phosphomolybdenum) showed antioxidant activity. Acute ulcers were induced by HCl/ethanol, absolute ethanol, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). The hexane extract promoted  the minimization of ulcers, increased levels of reduced glutathione, and decreased tumor necrosis factor. Results showed antioxidant and antiulcer properties. (28)
• Antimicrobial / Bark: Study evaluated dichlormethane, ethyl acetate, ethanol, and water extracts of freeze-dried bark of S. purpurea for antimicrobial activity against seven microorganisms. All extracts at 30 µg showed low antimicrobial activities against E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and T. mentagrophytes. Fractionation of dichlormethane extract yielded lutein, sitosterol, and a mixture of hydrocarbons. Study suggests lutein, a carotenoid known to have antimicrobial and antimutagenic properties, might have contributed to the antimicrobial activity of the bark of S. purpurea. (21)
• Anti-Inflammatory / S. monbin Leaves: Study evaluated the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of S. mombin in an in vivo model of carrageenan-induced peritonitis in mice. Results showed the anti-inflammatory potential of the leaf extract, together with antioxidant properties with an absence of cytotoxicity in cell culture. (22)
• Antibacterial Gargle Against Streptococcus pyogenes / Bark: Study evaluated the antibacterial activity of Sineguelas bark. Results showed the level of antibacterial activity of decocted Sineguelas bark are similar as the commercial brand X gargle against Streptococcus pyogenes. (23)
• Cytoprotective / Antioxidant / Hypocholesterolemic / Stem Bark: Study evaluated the antioxidant activity of an aqueous extract of stem bark and its effect on metabolic parameters in obese mice induced by a high-fat diet. Phytochemical analyses revealed 19 compounds, including flavan-3-ols, proanthocyanidins, methoxylated coumarin, and gallic andf ellagic acids. In vitro, the extract showed scavenging of free radicals and protection of macromolecules against oxidative damage. Treated obese mice showed reduced malondialdehyde in the heart, liver, kidneys, and nervous system. Total cholesterol levels after treatment were similar to drug simvastatin treatment. Results showed the stem bark promotes antioxidant effects in vitro and in vivo, resulting in cytoprotective in the context of oxidative stress associated with obesity and a reduction in hypercholesterolemia. The reduction in oxidative stress in obese individuals may contribute to the reduction in the emergence of co-morbidities associated with metabolic syndrome. (25)
• Photoprotective / Sunscreen Cosmeceutical Formulation / Peel: Study evaluated the photoprotective capacity of S. purpurea peel crude extract (SPPE) against in vitro UVA and UVB rays and its incorporation in a sunscreen formulation. The SPPE showed to be effective against UVB (SPF 43.78 in dilution of 50 mg/ml) and UVA (comparable protection to rutin and benzophenone-3). The formulation containing 30% of extract showed excellent activity against UVA rays, with protection % of 46.16 and UVB protection with SPF 43.01 for dilution of 50 mg/mL. (see constituents above) (26)
• Toxicological Study / Long-Term Concerns / Leaves: Study evaluated the hematological and histopathological effects of aqueous and ethanol leaf extracts of S. purpurea (red plum) using doses of 500, 1000, and 1500 mg daily in female wistar rats. Results of acute toxicity test revealed no death up to dose of 5000 mg/kbw. There was no difference in hematologic parameters of the animals. Liver sections showed congestion, mononuclear infiltration, widened sinusoidal space, and congestions with hemosiderin. Kidneys showed slight necrosis of renal tubular epithelium, widened Bowman;s space, collapsed renal tubules and adhesion of parietal layer of glomerulus to the Bowman's space. Spleen showed congestion, lymphocyte proliferation at the germinal center. Results showed organ alterations intensified with increased extract doses, and suggests prolonged consumption of leaf may be associated with significant damage to some vital organs. (27) Study assess the toxicological profile of aqueous leaf extract of S. purpurea in Wistar rats. Results suggest the leaf extract is relatively safe on acute administration. However long-term administration of higher doses could result in mild toxic responses. Histological exam showed slight alterations in the brain, liver, kidney, lungs, and uterus intensified with an increase in the doses of the extract. (30)
• Anti-Follicle Stimulating Hormone / Leaves: Based on Follicle Stimulating Hormone level, the 7.5, 10.5, and 15 mg dose decreased the FSH level of female albino mice. There was no significant difference with anti-FSH activity of ethanolic extract of Sineguelas leaves and combination of Ethinyl estradiol and Cyproterone acetate as reference drug. Results suggest the leaves possess anti-follicle stimulating hormone activity. (29)

Availability
Cultivated.


Updated October 2023 / December 2019 / December 2017 / April 2016

                                                 PHOTOS / ILLUSTRATIONS
Photos © Godofredo Stuart / StuartXchange
OTHER IMAGE SOURCE: Archivo:Jocote fruit.jpg / Jocote (Fruit). Pictured in Antigua, Guatemala / Elveoflight / 25 March 2008 / Creative Commons / Wikimedia Commons

Additional Sources and Suggested Readings
(1)
Anti-microbial assay of Spondias purpurea bark sap / Escober, Karia Marlyn Quero et al / DOST SciNET-PHIL
(2)
Plants used in guatemala for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders. 1. Screening of 84 plants against enterobacteria / Amando Caceres et al / Journal of Ethnopharmacology • Volume 30, Issue 1, August 1990, Pages 55-73 / doi:10.1016/0378-8741(90)90017-N

(3)
Medicinal Plants of the Guianas (Guyana, Surinam, French Guiana) / botany.si.edu
(4)
MEDlCINAL PLANTS OF JAMAICA. PARTS 1 & 11. / G F Asprey, Phyllis Thorton / HerbalTherapeutics
(5)
Sorting
Spondias names / Authorised by Prof. Snow Barlow / Maintained by: Michel H. Porcher / MULTILINGUAL MULTISCRIPT PLANT NAME DATABASE / Copyright © 1997 - 2000 The University of Melbourne.
(6)
1D- and 2D-NMR spectroscopy studies of the polysaccharide gum from Spondias purpurea var. lutea
/ Omaira Gutiérrez de Ga, Maritza Martı́nez, Lilian Sanabria, Gladys León de Pinto, J.Manuel Igartuburu
/ Food Hydrocolloids, Volume 19, Issue 1, January 2005, Pages 37–43
(7)
EVALUATION OF THE BINDING PROPERTIES OF SPONDIAS PURPUREA GUM IN METRONIDAZOLE TABLET FORMUALTIONS / OLUBUNMI OLAYEMI*, BASHIRU SALIHU, SUSAN ALLAGH / International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vol 5, Suppl 2, 2013
(8)
Characterization of phenolic compounds in jocote (Spondias purpurea L.) peels by ultra high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry / Christina Engels Diana Gräter Patricia Esquivel Víctor M. Jiménez Michael G. Gänzle Andreas Schieber / Food Research International, 2012, 42/6, pp 557-562.
(9)
Antioxidant Properties of Brazilian Tropical Fruits by Correlation between Different Assays / Elena Gregoris, Giuseppina Pace Pereira Lima, Sabrina Fabris, Mariangela Bertelle, Michela Sicari, and Roberto Stevanato / BioMed Research International Volume 2013 (2013) / http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/132759
(10)
Evaluation of the mutagenic potential of Spondias purpurea L. the micronucleus test in mice / Santos, JTT; Lira, AKN; Tavares, AV; Diniz, DM; Santos, VL; Lira, WM / Resumos do 58o Congresso Brasileiro de Genética • 11 a 14 de setembro de 2012
(11)
Spondias purpurea / AgroForestryTree Database
(12)
Antifertility activity of aqueous ethanolic leaf extract of Spondias mombin (Anacardiaceae) in rats / Chukwuka N Uchendu and Thomas Isek / African Health Sciences, 2008; 8(3): 163-167.
(13)
STUDIES ON THE ANXIOLYTIC EFFECT OF SPONDIAS MOMBIN
L. (ANACARDIACEAE) EXTRACTS / A. O. Ayoka*, R. O. Akomolafe, E. O. Iwalewa and O. E. Ukponmwan / Afr. J. Trad. CAM (2005) 2 (2): pp 153 - 165
(14)
Histomorphological Study of the Anti-Fertility Effect of Spondias Mombin L. In Adult Male Rats
/ Olaitan Ruth Asuquo, Theresa Bassey Ekanem, Paul Bassey Udoh,
Mokutima Amarachi Eluwa / IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences, Vol 3, No 2, Sept-Oct 2012, pp 29-34.
(15)
Lipid Lowering Effect Of Aqueous Leaf Extract Of Spondias Mombin Linn / Chidi U. Igwe, Okey A. Ojiako, Linus A. Nwaogu, G.O.C. Onyeze / The Internet Journal of Pharmacology. 2008 6(1) / DOI: 10.5580/cc8
(16)
Haematinic Potential of Spondias Mombin Leaf Extract in Wistar Rats / R. Olaitan Asuquo*, B. Theresa Ekanem, B. Paul Udoh, E. Otu Mesembe, E. Patrick Ebong / Advances in Bioresearch, Vol4 (2) June 2013: pp 53- 56
(17)
Spasmogenic Activity of Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Spondias Mombin Linn on Isolated Uterine Muscle Strips of Rat: Possible Hormonal Mechanism of Action
/ Igwe, C.U., Onwuliri, V.A., Onyeze, G.O.C. and Osuagwu, C.G. / Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, 7(2): 228-233, 2011
(18)
Phytochemical and Nutrient Evaluation of Spondias Mombin Leaves
/ P.C. Njoku and M.I. Akumefula / Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 6 (6): 613-615, 2007
(19)
Sp
ondias purpurea / Synonyms / KEW: Plants of the World Online
(20)
Spondias purpurea L. (Anacardiaceae): Antioxidant and Antiulcer
Activities of the Leaf Hexane Extract /
Cynthia Layse Ferreira de Almeida, Samara Alves Brito, Temístocles Italo de Santana,
Henrique Bandeira Alves Costa, Carlson Helder Reis de Carvalho Júnior, Márcia Vanusa da Silva, Lécio Leone de Almeida, Larissa Araújo Rolim, Vanda Lucia dos Santos, Almir Gonçalves Wanderley, and Teresinha Gonçalves da Silva / Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, Volume 2017: 6593073 / DOI: 10.1155/2017/6593073 /
PMID: 29213351
(21)
Antimicrobial compounds from Spondias purpurea / Consolacion Y Ragasa, Asteria T Poblete and Eugenio C Navida / The Manila Journal of Science, Vol 4, No 1, Jan 2001
(22)
Phytochemical study and anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potential of Spondias mombin leaves / Maira C J S Lima, Ana K Lima, Caroline F Ortmann, Vitor C Chaves et al / Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia, Vol 26, Issue 3, May-June 2016, pp 304-311
(23)
THE ANTIBACTERIAL PROPERTIES OF SINEGUELAS BARK IN TREATING STREPTOCCOCAL INFECTION / Myra Locquaio et al / Conference: International Rresearch Conference for Nursing Students, University of Santo Tomas, At Manila, Philippines, Feb 2015
(24)
Spondias purpurea / Wikipedia
(25)
Spondias purpurea L. Bark Extract Protects against Oxidative Stress and Reduces Hypercholesterolemia in Mice Fed High-Fat Diet / Katia A Antunes, Tamaeh Monteiro-Alfredo, Janielle S M Cunha, Kely de Picoli Souza et al / Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, Volume 2022: Artilce ID 3046483 /
DOI: 10.1155/2022/3046483
(26)
In vitro photoprotective activity of the Spondias purpurea L. peel crude extract and its incorporation in a pharmaceutical formulation / Renata V Silva, Sonia CC Costa, Carla RC Branco, Alexsandro Branco / Industrial Crops and Products, 2016; Volume 83: pp 509-514 / DOI: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.12.077
(27)
Toxicological studies of aqueous and ethanol leaf extract of Spondias purpurea (red plum) in rats / T Y Gara, A I Daniel, F M Muhammad, H H Ndayako /  Clinical Phytoscience, 2021; 7: Article No 90 /
DOI: 10.1186/s40816-021-00331-y
(28)
Spondias purpurea L. (Anacardiaceae): Antioxidant and Antiulcer Activities of the Leaf Hexane Extract / Cynthia Layse Ferreira de Almeida, Samara Alves Brito, Temistocles Italo de Santana, Henrique Bandeira Alves Costa et al /  Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity,  2017; (1): pp 1-14 / DOI: 10.1155/2017/6593073
(29) 2023; 3
ANTI-FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE ACTIVITY OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF SINEGUELAS (Spondias purpurea) LEAVES IN FEMALE ALBINO MICE. / Minette Andrea Q Aldana, Jhan Erica T de la Cruz, Claudine S Figuracion, Charisse C Mateo / Thesis, 2018: BS Pharmacy / Manila Central University
(30)
Safety assessment of Spondias purpurea aqueous leaf extract (anacardiaceae): Acute and sub-chronic toxicity studies in wistar rats / Oluwaiye Jonah Omonofa, Shebu Aishatu, Ibrahim Muazzamu Aliyu et al / Safety assessment of Spondias purpurea aqueous leaf extract, 2023; 3(1): pp 741-767 /
DOI: 10.54117/jcbr.v3i1.2

DOI: It is not uncommon for links on studies/sources to change. Copying and pasting the information on the search window or using the DOI (if available) will often redirect to the new link page. (Citing and Using a (DOI) Digital Object Identifier)

                                                            List of Understudied Philippine Medicinal Plants
                                          New plant names needed
The compilation now numbers over 1,300 medicinal plants. While I believe there are hundreds more that can be added to the collection, they are becoming more difficult to find. If you have a medicinal plant to suggest for inclusion, native or introduced, please email the info: local plant name (if known), any known folkloric medicinal use, scientific name (most helpful), and, if possible, a photo. Your help will be greatly appreciated.

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