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Family Vitaceae
Sugpon-sugpon
Cissus quadrangularis Linn.
VELDT-GRAPE

Scientific names Common names
Cissus bifida Schumach. & Thonn. Sugpon-sugpon (Bis.)
Cissus edulis Dalzell Sulpa-sulpa (C. Bis.)
Cissus quadrangularis Linn. Edible stemmed-vine (Engl.)
Cissus quadrangula L. Veld grape (Engl.)
Cissus quadrangula Salisb. Veldt-grape (Engl.)
Cissus succulenta (Galpin) Burtt-Davy Winged treebine (Engl.)
Cissus tetragona Harv.  
Cissus tetraptera Hook.f.  
Cissus triandra Schumach. & Thonn.  
Vitis quadrangularis (L.) Wall. ex Wight  
Vitis succulenta Galpin  
Cissus quadrangularis L. is an accepted name The Plant List

Other vernacular names
BENGALI: Hasjora, Harbhanga.
HINDI: Hadjod, Hadjora.
SANSKRIT: Asthisamhani.
TAMIL: Pirandai.
TELUGU: Nalleru.
THAI: Phet sangkhat, Samroi to, San cha khuat.
ZAMBIAN: Namunungwa.

Botany
Sugpon-sugpon, a perennial climber, is a smooth vine with fleshy, green stout, four-angled stems which are 1 to 1.5 centimeters thick and much contracted at the nodes. Internodes, one from each node, are broadly ovate or triangular-reniform, 4 to 6 centimeters long, somewhat fleshy, distantly toothed with small, appressed, sharp teeth, blunt at the tip, broad and heart-shaped at the base. Flowers are pinkish, about 2.5 millimeters long and borne on small axillary cymes. Fruit is rounded, fleshy, and succulent.

Distribution
- In dry thickets in and about towns at low altitudes, in Cagayan, Batangas, and Rizal Provinces in Luzon: in Negros, Cebu, and Siquijor.
- Certainly Introduced.

- Also reported from India to tropical Africa and Java.

Constituents
- Rich in carotenoids, triterpenoids and ascorbic acid.
- Rich source of carotenoids, triterpenoids and vitamin C.
- Phytochemical studies have yielded flavonoids, triterpenoids, vitamin C, stilbene derivatives, piceatannon, resveratrol, pallidol perthenocissin and phytosterols.
- Phytochemical analysis of various extracts yielded alkaloids, glycosides, tannin-phenolic compounds, proteins and amino acid, gum and mucilage, flavones and flavonoids, saponins, steroids and sterols.
- Study of methanol extract of whole plant yielded 10 compounds. n-Hexadecanoic acid (25.63%) was the prevailing compound. Others were 1, 2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, bis (2-methylpropyl) ester (23.17%), hexadecanoic acid, ethyl ester (15.98), phytol (14.35%), hexadecanoic acid, ethyl ester (7.57), caffeine (3.20%) and dibutyl phthalate (2.00%). (25)
- Nutritive composition of Cissus powder (g/100g) yielded protein 6.44 g, fat 0.73 g, crude fiber 74.36 g, carbohydrate 63.73 g, energy 284.55 g. (see study below) (34)

Properties
- Considered alterative, bone-healing, antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, anthelmintic, antihemorrhoidal, analgesic, anti-asthmatic, and stomachic.
- Studies suggest antioxidant, antimicrobial, bone healing, anti-ulcer, hepatoprotective, antidiabetic, cytoprotective, antihemorrhoidal, venotonic, anthelmintic, antiosteoporotic properties. (21)

Parts used
Stems, roots, young shoots.

Uses

Edibility
- Ash of plant reportedly used as substitute for baking powder. (40)
Folkloric
- In the Philippines, sap or juice of stems used as drops for otorrhea and epistaxis.
- Also used as alterative for menstrual irregularities.
- Powdered roots used for fractures of the bones, with the effect of ordinary plasters.
Leaves of young shoots, dried and powdered, used for bowel complaints associated with indigestion. Also, used as powerful alterative.
- Used for scurvy and irregular menstruation.
- Paste used in asthma.
- Stem preparation boiled in lime-water used as stomachic.
- In Ayurveda, used as tonic, alterative, anthelmintic, digestive, analgesic, anti-asthmatic.
- Used for osteoporosis, asthma, cough, hemorrhoids and gonorrhea.
- Used for the treatment of gastritis, bone fractures, skin infections, constipation, eye diseases, hemorrhoids, anemia, asthma, irregular menstruation, burns and wounds.
- In Africa, used in the treatment of insomnia and epilepsy.
- In Thai medicine, used in treatment of hemorrhoids.
- In East Africa, used for treatment of gonorrhea. The Rongas apply pounded stems to wound to facilitate healing. (40)
- Stout fleshy stems used for treatment of gastritis, constipation, eye diseases, hemorrhoids, and anemia. (40)
Others
- Livestock: Plant fed to cattle to increase flow of milk. (40)
New uses

- Popular use as bone growth promoter supplement and as joint aid for athletes.
- Touted use to promote bone and tissue healing, treat infections, used as anabolic, and use in weight management.

Studies
Antioxidant:
Study evaluated the antioxidant property of different plant samples eluted by various solvents by FRAP, ABTS, and total antioxidant capacity assay. Samples showed concentration dependent increase in antioxidant activity. The stem and leaves extracted with methanol, ethanol, and PE showed higher antioxidant activity than the fruit and root samples by FRAP assay. (1)
Anti-Obesity / Weight Loss / Metabolic Syndrome:
(1) Study of C quadrangularis and a proprietary cissus-formulation showed both caused significant reductions in weight and blood glucose levels, lowered serum lipids with consequent improvement of cardiovascular risk factors. The increase in plasma 5-HT and creatinine hypothesizes a mechanism for controlling appetite and increasing lean body mass, providing support for the clinical data on weight loss. (2)
CQ Formulation for Management of Weight Loss and Metabolic Syndrome: Study showed statistically significant net reductions in weight and central obesity, as well as reductions in fasting blood sugars, total cholesterol, LDL, triglycerides and C-reactive protein in subjects who received the formulation, regardless of diet. (4)
Bone Healing: Study evaluating the effect of a methanolic extract of Cissus quadrangularis on the healing process of experimentally fractured radius-ulna of dog showed CQ treated animals revealed faster initiation of the healing process than the controlled animals on radiological and histopath exams.
(3)
Fracture Healing: Study isolated a phytogenic anabolic steroid which may act on estrogenic receptors of the bone. CQ might act by stimulation of metabolism and increased uptake of minerals calcium, sulphur, and strontium by the osteoblasts in fracture healing.
Anti-Ulcer: Study evaluated the anti-ulcer activity of a methanolic extract of Cissus quadrangularis in an aspirin-induced gastric ulcer model. Results showed CQE promotes ulcer protection by decreasing the ulcer index, as shown by histopath and analysis of CRP. Compared to ranitidine, CQE was found to have a better protective effect. (5) Study evaluated an ethanol extract of roots on indomethacin and ethanol induced gastric ulcers. Results showed dose-dependent protective effect in both ulcer models as evidenced by significant decrease (p<0.05) in number of ulcer lesions. (42)
Ulcer Protective: Methanolic extract showed an ulcer-protective effect comparable to reference drug sucralfate. CQ significantly increase mucosal defensive factors like mucin secretion, mucosal cell proliferation, glycoproteins and life span of cells, and promoting healing by inducing cellular proliferation.
Toxicity Study: Study in rats showed CQ did not produce any significant dose-related changes in hematological parameters and showed no histopathological lesion on any internal organ.
Analgesic: Study exhibited significant dose-related analgesic activity compared to that of aspirin.
Anti-Osteoporotic Effect: Study of ethanol extract of the plant significantly inhibited anti-anabolic effects, with beneficial effects on recovery of bone mineral density in post-menopausal osteoporosis.
Anabolic and Androgenic Activity: In addition to enhancing the remodeling of bone, CQ leads to a faster increase in bone tensile strength. By exerting an anabolic, antiglucocorticoid effect, CQ preserves muscle tissue during physical and emotional stress.
Anti-Inflammatory: Study confirmed CQ has an inhibitory effect on edema induced by carrageenin and arachidonic acid, with evidence of inhibition of both cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways. The anti-inflammatory activity is comparable to aspirin or ibuprofen.
Antihemorrhoidal and Venotonic Activity: Phytochemical study yielded significant flavonoids. The bioflavonoids, especially diosmin, hesperidin, and oligomeric proanthocyanidin complexes have demonstrated potential in the treatment of hemorrhoids and varicose veins.
Fracture Healing: An anabolic principle from C. quadrangularis showed marked influence on the rate of fracture healing by influencing early regeneration of connective tissues involved in healing and mineralization of callus. Hastening in fracture healing was attributed to the stimulation of all cells of mesenchymal origin, viz., fibroblasts, chondroblasts and osteoblasts, by Cissus quadrangularis. (8)
Toxicity Study: In a 3-month sub-chronic toxicity study in Wistar rats, C. quadrangularis produced no significant dose-related changes in hematological chemistry parameters and no histopathological lesion in any internal organ. (9)
Inhibition of Bone Loss / Ovariectomized Mice: Study evaluated the effect of C. quadrangularis on bone loss after ovariectomy in C57BL/6 mice. Results showed CQ effectively inhibited bone loss in cancellous and cortical bones of femur and proximal tibia in mice. (10)
Anthelmintic: An alcoholic root extract of C. quadrangularis exhibited anthelmintic activity against earthworm Pheretima posthuma. Preliminary phytochemical screening yielded phenolic compounds, tannins, proteins, saponins, steroids, carbohydrates, glycosides, terpenoids, etc. (11)
Intrauterine Stimulation of Fetal Bone Growth: Maternal administration of C. quadrangularis petroleum ether extract during pregnancy can stimulate the development of fetal bone growth during the intrauterine developmental period. (12)
Antiosteoporotic / Ovariectomy-Induced Osteoporosis: Study was done to validate the anti-osteoporotic role of a petroleum ether extract on ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis in rats. Study results demonstrated the usefulness and benefits of CQ in the treatment of osteoporosis induced by ovariectomy. the plant extract is deemed a safe treatment for osteoporosis in the elderly. (13)
Analgesic / Anti-Inflammatory / Antipyretic: Study of an ethanolic extract of CQ showed both peripheral and central analgesic activity, along with marked anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activity in rats. (14)
Joint Pain Reduction in Exercise-Trained Men / Pilot Study: Strenuous, high-volume exercise is often associated with joint pain and inflammation. Study evaluating the therapeutic effects of CQ supplementation in healthy, exercise-trained men with joint-specific pain showed reduction of joint pain in a sample of 29 young men. (15)
Review of Efficacy and Safety: Review of studies suggest Cissus extracts to be exceedingly safe and free of adverse effects at dose commonly used. In a few cases, specific physiological effects have been attributed to identifiable constituents. Standardization of extracts and more controlled human studies are suggested. (16)
Immunomodulatory: Study showed C. quadrangularis possesses immunomodulatory activity which might be attributed to flavonoids and phenolic contents. (17)
Enhancement of Biomineralization: Study of an ethanol extract of CQ may regulate osteoblastic activity by enhancing ALP activity and mineralization process, and the increased ALP effect is likely mediated by MAPK-dependent pathway. (18)
Anti-Arhtritis of Biomineralization: Study evaluated the anti-arthritic activity of AFCQ (active fraction of Cissus quadrangularis) in a CFW (Complete Freund's Adjuvant) induced arthritis model in an in vivo experimental model of Wistar rats. Results indicate the AFCQ possess significant anti-arthritic activity, AFCQ dose of 100 mg/kbw was more efficient in inhibiting rat paw edema compared to standard drubs celecoxib and methotrexate. (20)
Neuropharmacological Effects / Sedative / Roots: Study evaluated a methanolic extract of roots of Cissus quadrangularis for neuropharmacological effects in mice using various models. The CQ root extract significantly inhibited acetic acid-induced writhing and increased tail flick withdrawal response in mice. On CNS evaluation, the CQ extract produced reduction in spontaneous motor activity, exploratory behavior, and motor coordination and prolonged pentobarbitone sleeping time. Results suggest CQ contains some active principles that may be sedative in nature. On acute toxicity testing, LD50 was found to be 1000 mg/kg by ip route. (22)
Effects on Pain and Bone Healing After Implant Placement: A pilot study evaluated the clinical efficacy of CQ in pain management and bone healing after implant placement. Results showed pain and swelling were minimal and bone healing was more in the study group. The rising level of serum alkaline phosphatase and good bone density indicated new bone formation benefiting osteointegration. (23)
Hormonal Effect and Acceleration of Bone Fracture Healing: Study showed C. quadrangularis accelerates the fracture healing process and reduces the period of immobilization and early rehabilitation. CQ treated group showed elevation pattern of serum hPTH, early initiation of bone resorption and early initiation of osteoblastic activity and continuous bone maturation. (25)
Antibacterial: Study of solvent chloroform extracts of C. quadrangularis showed antibacterial activity: E. coli > Pseudomonas putida > Staphylococcus aureus > ß-hemolytic streptococcus. (26)
Antibacterial / Anticancer: Study evaluated the antibacterial activity of CQ against some pathogenic bacteria and in-vitro anti-cancer activity against MCF cell line. Results of in vitro anti-cancer activity showed the ethyl acetate extract with the lowest percentage of viability of cancer cells. Ethanol, methanol, and ethyl acetate extracts exhibited maximum activity against Klebsiella pneumonia. (27)
Anticancer: Study evaluated CQ for anticancer activity along with safety profile on normal skin cells. Results showed CQ selectively induces cytotoxicity, ROS liberation and G1 phase cell cycle arrest only in HeLa cancer cells. (28) Study evaluated the anticancer activity of ethanol and chloroform extract of CQ by MTT assay. IC50 concentration of plant extract was 62.5 µg/ml against HeLa cell line and 125 µg/ml in Vero cell line. Cell death in HeLa cell line was confirmed as apoptosis by DNA fragmentation experiments. (36)
Anticonvulsant / Sedative / Stems: Study of an aqueous extract of stems in in vivo animal models of epilepsy (maximal electroshock, n-methyl-d-asparate, pentylenetetrazol, isonicotinic hydrazid acid and strychnine-induced convulsions) and insomina (diazepam induced sleep) showed anticonvulsant and sedative properties in mice. (29)
Immunomodulatory: Study evaluated the immuno-modulatory potential of C. quadrangularis. Results showed CQ is rich in polyphenolilc and flavonoid content. CQ sowed promising immunomodulatory potential on various models like DTH, carbon clearance test and effect of serum immunoglobulins. (30)
Hepatoprotective / Rifampicin Toxicity / Stems: Study evaluated the hepatoprotective activity of methanol extract of Cissus quadrangularis against rifampicin-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Pretreatment of rats with methanol extract significantly decreased lipid peroxidation and increased the antioxidant activities. The hepatoprotective effect may be attributable to the antioxidant effect of ß-carotene. (31)
Gastroprotective / Neutrophil Mediated Tissue Injury by Aspirin: Study evaluated an ethanol extract of CQ against gastric toxicity induced by aspirin in rats. Pretreatment with CQE ameliorated the effects of aspirin in the gastric mucosa of ulcerated rats. The gastroprotective activity might be mediated through its antioxidant effect as well as by attenuation of the oxidative mechanism and neutrophil infiltration. (32)
Anti-Inflammatory / Inhibition of IL-1ß / Alleviates Bone Deterioration: Study demonstrated for the first time the signaling mechanisms regulated by CQ and W. somnifera in OA and osteogenesis. The herbals demonstrated chondroprotective effects and regenerative ability via the upregulation of survivin that exerts inhibitory effects on the p38 MAPK signaling pathway. (33)
Nutritive Value of Powder / Value Addition: Study showed that the blending of Cissus quadrangularis powder with rice flour as base with other ingredients is high acceptable. Blending of CQ powder with wheat flour and Bengal gram flours was more promising to treat obesity and oxidative stress associated problems. (see constituents above) (34)
Wound Healing: Study evaluated the wound healing activity of CQ by incorporating the methanolic and total aqueous extract in simple ointment base in 0.5%, 1%, and 2% (w/w) concentrations in three rat models viz., excision, incision, and estimation of biochemical parameter. Wound treatment with 2% methanolic and 2% aqueous extract exhibited significant (p<0.001) wound healing activity. The activity was probably attributable to phenol constituents. (35)
Antidiabetic / Leaves: Study evaluated the antihyperglycemic activity of ethanolic extract of leaves of CQ against alloxan induced diabetic rats. The EtCQ (400 mg/kg) showed significant antihyperglycemic effect. (37)
• Accelerated Healing of Experimental Bone Fracture: Study evaluated the effect of a methanolic extract of Cissus quadrangularis on the healing process of experimentally fractured radius-ulna of dog. CQ treated animals exhibited faster initiation of healing process than control on radiologic and histopathological examinations. Treated group showed a decrease in serum calcium. Healing was almost complete on the 21st day in treated animals and incomplete in controls. (38)
• Osteogenic in Maxillofacial Fracture / Accelerated Healing / Pilot Study: Study evaluated the effect of C. quadrangularis in healing process of maxillofacial fracture in patients treated by open reduction internal fixation method with postOP treatment with antibiotics and analgesics.Results with CQ supplementation showed reduction in pain, swelling, and fragment mobility and acceleration in the healing of fractured jaw bones. (39)
• Anti-Hemorrhoid Activities / Anti-Inflammatory: Study evaluated the anti-inflammatory and venoconstrictive effects of whole plant ethanol extract in rats. The extract exhibited 50% inhibition of the carrageenan-induced rat paw edema. It also showed a venoconstrictive effect with EC50 of 0.01 and 0.03 µg/mL for endothelium intact and denuded rat veins, respectively. A double-blind randomized-controlled clinical study of 160 hemorrhoid patients, 200 mg/twice daily of the tablet formulation was effective in the treatment of bleeding, pain, and prolapse of hemorrhoidal tissues. (41)
• Acute and Sub-Acute Oral Toxicity Studies: A 14-day acute oral toxicity study of whole plant ethanol extract in rats showed dose up to 5000 mg/kbw did not show signs of intoxication, gross pathologica lesions, or death. In sub-chronic toxicity testing of the enteric film coated tablets developed from the extract at maximum doses of 5000 mg/kbw did not result in treatment related abnormalities in clinical observations and biological parameters. (41)
• Antiviral / Anti-Herpes Virus: Study evaluated partially purified methanolic extract of Cissus quadrangularis for antiviral activity against HSV type 1 and 2 viruses.Results showed statistically significant antiviral activity (P<0.01) at 1:400 dilution. Phytochemical analysis yielded steroids and terpenoids. (43)
• Accelerated Healing of Fracture in a 19-year old boy: Study evaluated the efficacy of an herbal dosage formulation for leg fracture of a 19-year old boy. The young patient's fracture showed accelerated healing while on the CQ tablet and lotion. The results suggest the herbal remedy might play a role in certain fracture cases, in controlling pain, reducing inflammation and accelerating bone healing. Further studies are warranted to examine the efficacy of the herbal remedy in bone fractures in different age groups of patients. (44)
• Osteogenic Potential / Osteopontin Expression: Study evaluated the osteogenic potential of Cissus quadrangularis in hastening the process of healing mandibular fractures in 60 patients aged 20-35 years. Group 1 patients were given CQ capsures and healing assessed with osteeopontin expression during treatment. The treated group showed better healing of fracture associated with significant levels of osteopontin protein and CD4+ cells esxpression of osteopontin. Results suggest CQ accelerated fracture healing and also cause remodeling of fracture callus. (45)

Availability
- Wild-crafted.
- Extracts, powders, capsules, and supplements in the cybermarket.

Updated May 2018 / July 2016

IMAGE SOURCE: File:Teguise Guatiza - Jardin - Cissus quadrangularis 02 ies.jpg / FRANK VINCENTZ / 17 Oct 2011 / GNU Free Documentation License / Wikimedia Commons
OTHER IMAGE SOURCE: Modified photo from: Cultivation Methods of Cissus quadrangularis/ © Contentzza.com / Non-Commercial Use / Click on image to go to source page / Contentzza
OTHER IMAGE SOURCE: Modified photo of Cissus quadrangularis/ © NutraWiki / Non-Commercial Use / Click on image to go to source page / NutraWiki

Additional Sources and Suggested Readings
(1)
Comparative Studies on Antioxidant Properties of Cissus quadrangularis Solvent Extracts /
Prabhavathi R. M. , Prasad M. P. and Jayaramu M. / Asian Journal of Plant Science and Research, 2016, 6(4):12-17
(2)
The effect of Cissus quadrangularis (CQR-300) and a Cissus formulation (CORE) on obesity and obesity-induced oxidative stress / Julius E Oben, Damaris Mandob Enyegue et al / Lipids Health Dis. 2007; 6: 4. / Published online 2007 February 4. doi: 10.1186/1476-511X-6-4.
(3)
EFFECT OF ClSSUS QUADRANGULAR/S IN ACCELERATING HEALING PROCESS OF EXPERIMENTALLY FRACTURED RADIUS-ULNA OF DOG:A PRELIMINARY STUDY / DK Deka et al / Indian Journal of Pharmacology 1994; 26: 44 - 45
(4)
The use of a Cissus quadrangularis formulation in the management of weight loss and metabolic syndrome / Julius Oben, Dieudonne Kuate et al / Lipids Health Dis. 2006; 5: 24. / Published online 2006 September 2. doi: 10.1186/1476-511X-5-24.
(5)
Antiulcerogenic activities of the Methanolic extract of Cissus quadrangularis in wistar / G Shanthi, G Vijay Kanth, L Hitesh, M Ganesan / The Internet Journal of Toxicology. 2010 Volume 7 Number 2
(6)
Pharmacological and Therapeutic Activity of Cissus quadrangularis: An Overview
/ Garima Mishra, Saurabh Srivastava, B P Nagori / International Journal of PharmTech Research, Vol.2, No.2, pp 1298-1310, April-June 2010
(7)
Sorting Cissus names / Porcher Michel H. et al. 1995 - 2020, Sorting Cissus Names. Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database - A Work in Progress. Institute of Land & Food Resources. The University of Melbourne. Australia
(8)
Clinical evaluation of cissus quadrangularis and moringa oleifera and osteoseal as osteogenic agents in mandibular fracture / Vibha Singh, Narendra Singh, and Nimisha Singh / National Journal of Maxillofacial Surgery
(9)
Pharmacological and Therapeutic Activity of Cissus quadrangularis: An Overview / Garima Mishra*, Saurabh Srivastava, B.P.Nagori / International Journal of PharmTech Research, Vol.2, No.2, pp 1298-1310, April-June 2010
(10)
Inhibition of Bone Loss by Cissus quadrangularis in Mice: A Preliminary Report / Jameela Banu, Erika Varela, Ali N. Bahadur, Raheela Soomro, Nishu Kazi, and Gabriel Fernandes / Journal of Osteoporosis, Volume 2012 (2012) / http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/101206
(11)
Isolation of Alcoholic Extract of Cissus Quadrangularis and Evaluation of In- Vitro Anthelmintic Activity / E.Mohanambal*, K.Shobana, M. Sowmya Sree, G.M.Kusuma, K.Satish & B.Vijayakumar / Intl. J. Novel. Tr. Pharm. Sci, Vol 1, No 1, OCT 2011
(12)
Petroleum ether extract of Cissus quadrangularis (LINN) stimulates the growth of fetal bone during intra uterine developmental period: a morphometric analysis / Bhagath Kumar PotuI; Muddanna S RaoI; Gopalan Kutty NII; Kumar MR BhatI; Mallikarjuna Rao ChamallamudiII; Soubhagya Ranjan NayakIII / Clinics vol.63 no.6 São Paulo 2008 / http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1807-59322008000600018
(13)
Anti-osteoporotic Activity of the Petroleum Ether Extract of Cissus quadrangularis Linn. in Ovariectomized Wistar Rats / Bhagath Kumar Potu, MSc; Muddanna S Rao, PhD; Gopalan Kutty Nampurath, PhD; Mallikarjuna Rao Chamallamudi, PhD; Soubhagya Ranjan Nayak, MSc; Huban Thomas, MSc / (Chang Gung Med J 2010;33:252-7)
(14)
Analgesic , anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activity of Cissus quadrangularis / Priyanka Vijay and Rekha Vijayvergia* / J. Pharm. Sci. & Res. Vol.2(1), 2010, 64-71
(15)
Cissus quadrangularis reduces joint pain in exercise-trained men: a pilot study. / Bloomer RJ1, Farney TM, McCarthy CG, Lee SR. / Phys Sportsmed. 2013 Sep;41(3):29-35. / doi: 10.3810/psm.2013.09.2021.
(16)
A review and evaluation of the efficacy and safety of Cissus quadrangularis extracts. / Stohs SJ, Ray SD. / Phytother Res. 2013 Aug;27(8):1107-14. doi: 10.1002/ptr.4846. Epub 2012 Sep 13.
(17)
Experimental studies on immunomodulatory potential of Cissus quadrangularis Linn / Priyanka Yadav, Aditya Ganeshpurkar, Nisha Sonkar, Divya Bansal, Nazneen Dubey / Nigerian Journal of Experimental and Clinical Biosciences, 2014, Vo0l 2, Issue 1, Pp 49-53 / DOI: 10.4103/2348-0149.135730
(18)
Cissus quadrangularis extract enhances biomineralization through up-regulation of MAPK-dependent alkaline phosphatase activity in osteoblasts / Ducapim Parisuthiman et al / In Vitro Cell Dev. Biol.-Animal (2009) 45:194-200 / DOI 10.1007/s11626-008-9158-1
(19)
Cissus quadrangularis / Synonyms / The Plant List
(20)
In vivo Studies on Antiarthritic Activity of Cissus quadrangularis against Adjuvant Induced Arthritis
/ Arti Bhujade, Suhas Talmale and Patil MB* / Journal of Clinical & Cellular Immunology, 6:327. / doi: 10.4172/2155-9899.1000327
(21)
HPLC Analysis of Extract of In Vivo Medicinally Important Climber Cissus quadrangularis L. (Hadjod)
/ Teware Kalpana / IRJP 2013, 4 (2)
(22)
Some Neuropharmacological Effects of the Methanolic Root Extract of Cissus Quadrangularis in Mice /

Viswanatha Swamy A.H.M.* Thippeswamy A.H.M, Manjula D.V. and Mahendra Kumar C.B / African Journal of Biomedical Research, Vol. 9 (2006); 69 - 75
(23)
EVALUATION OF CLINICAL EFFICACY OF CISSUS QUADRANGULARIS IN PAIN MANAGEMENT AND BONE HEALING AFTER IMPLANT PLACEMENT – A PILOT STUDY / Anil Managutti, Disha Shah, Jigar Patel, Nagaraj Puttanikar, Dishan Shah, Sunita Managutti / Med. Res. Chron., 2015, 2 (5), 618-625
(24)
ANALYSIS OF CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF CISSUS QUADRANGULARIS LINN. BY GC-MS / R. ESWARAN, A. ANANDAN, A.DOSS, G. SANGEETHA AND S. P. ANAND* / Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, Vol 5, Suppl 2, 2012
(25)
Biochemical and Hormonal Evaluation of Cissus quadrangularis in Accelerating Healing Process of Bone Francutre: A Clinical Study / Rasale Prashant Lingram et al / Int. J. Res. Ayurveda Pharm. 5(4), Jul-Aug 2014
(26)
Antibacterial efficacy of Cissus quadrangularis from different provinces / Basker S. and Mohammed Yassir Panmbra Kottamparambath / Research in Pharmacy 3(6): 22-25, 2013
(27)
Evaluation of Phytochemical, Anti-Bacterial and Anti-Cancerous Activity of Cissus quadrangularis from South-Western Ghats Regions of India / R.Shabi Ruskin, V.M. Priya Kumari, S.T.Gopukumar, P. K. Praseetha* / Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res., 28(1), September – October 2014
(28)
Anticancer Activity of Cissus quadrangularis: An in vitro 2D Model Based Study
/ Saba Sheikha, Anupam Dhasmanab, Sahabjada Siddiquic, Safiad, Ejazul Haquee, Mohd. Kamilf, Mohtashim Lohanig, Mohd. Arshadh, Snober S. Miri* / International Journal of Sciences: Basic and Applied Research (IJSBAR) (2015) Volume 23, No 1, pp 93-105
(29)
The anticonvulsant and sedative properties of stems of Cissus quadrangularis in mice
/ E. Ngo Bum, G T Ngoupaye, E. Talla, T Dimo, G. C. N Nkantchoua, M. M Pelanken and G. S. Taiwe / African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology Vol. 2(3). pp. 042-047, May, 2008
(30)
Experimental studies on immunomodulatory potential of Cissus quadrangularis Linn / Priyanka Yadav, Aditya Ganeshpurkar, Nisha Sonkar, Divya Bansal, Nazneen Dubey / Niger J Exp Clin Biosci [serial online] 2014 [cited 2016 Jul 28];2:49-53.
(31)
Hepatoprotective Effect of Cissus quadrangularis Stem Extract Against Rifampicin-induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats / A. H. M. VISWANATHA SWAMY*, RUCHA V. KULKARNI, B. C. KOTI, P. C. GADAD, A. H. M. THIPPESWAMY AND APARNA GORE / Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, March-April 2012
(32)
Protective effect of Cissus quadrangularis on neutrophil mediated tissue injury induced by aspirin in rats / Mallika Jainu, K. Vijai Mohan, C.S. Shyamala Devi / Journal of Ethnopharmacology (2005) / doi:10.1016/j.jep.2005.08.076
(33)
Cissus quadrangularis inhibits IL-1β induced inflammatory responses on chondrocytes and alleviates bone deterioration in osteotomized rats via p38 MAPK signaling / Jagat R Kanwar, Rasika M Samarasinghe, Kuldeep Kumar, Ramesh Arya, Sanjeev Sharma, Shu-Feng Zhou, Sreenivasan Sasidharan, Rupinder K Kanwar / DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2147/DDDT.S77369
(34)
Nutritive Value of Mangoravalli (Cissus quadrangularis) Powder and its Value Addition / Malathi A. N. / Current Trends in Technology and Science, (2014) Volume 3, Issue 3
(35)
EVALUATION OF WOUND HEALING ACTIVITY OF CISSUS QUADRANGULARIS
/ Matadeen Bharti*, Kamlesh Borane, Amrita Singhasiya / WORLD JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES, Vol 3, Issue 6, 822-834 (2014)
(36)
Anticancer properties of Cissus quandrangularis / Aayush Dwivedi, I Seethalakshmi and D Sharmila / Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 2013, 5(5):135-139
(37)
Antihyperglycaemic activity of ethanolic extract of cissus quadrangularis (l.) Leaves in alloxan induced diabetic rats / Chaudhari R. L.*, Patil P. S., Chaudhari R. Y., Bhangale J. O. / Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science Vol. 3 (01), pp. 073-077, January, 2013 / Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science Vol. 3 (01), pp. 073-077, January, 2013 / DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2013.30114
(38)
Effect of Cissus quadrangularis in accelerating healing process of experimentally fractured radius-ulna of dog: A preliminary study / Dilip Deka, L C Lahon, J Saikia, A Mukit / Indian Journal of Pharmacology, Jan 1994; 26(1)
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Clinical evaluation of Cissus quadrangularis as osteogenic agent in maxillofacial fracture: A pilot study / Hernal R Brahmkshatriya, Kruti A Shah, G B Ananthkumar, and Mansi H Brahmshatriya / AYU, 2015 Apr-Jun; 36(2): 169–173.  / doi:  10.4103/0974-8520.175542
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BONE HEALING ACTIVITY OF CISSUS QUADRANGULARIS LINN. / Mohammed Shakir Ghouse and Mirza Shahed Baig / International Journal of Pharmacognosy
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Anti-hemorrhoid activities from Cissus quadrangularis L. / P. Ahmadi Pirshahid, C. Thisayakorn, T. Hemthanon, T. Suntorntanasat, C. Banchonglikitkul, J. Eiamwat, S. Sookwhan / Acta Hortic. 1125, 161-172 / DOI: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2016.1125.20
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Effects of ethanol extract of Cissus quadrangularis on induced gastric ulcer in rats / Enechi, O.C., Igbonekwu Celestina N. and Ugwu Okechukwu P.C. / African Journal of Biotechnology, Vol. 12(43), pp. 6197-6202, 23 October, 2013 / DOI: 10.5897/AJB2013.12898
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Antiviral activity of ancient system of ayurvedic medicinal plant Cissus quadrangularis L. (Vitaceae) /
P. Balasubramanian, K. Jayalakshmi, N. Vidhya, R. Prasad, A. Khaleefathullah Sheriff, G. Kathiravan, K. Rajagopal and Sripathi M. Sureban / Pulsus
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The Use of Cissus quadrangularis in the Management of Left Tibia Fracture: A case report / Tajwar Sultana, Safila Naveed, Allah Nawaz, Jibran Sualeh Muhammad, Syed Faisal Zaidi, Mushtaq Ebrahim, M.Tanweer Alam, Khan Usmanghani / RADS-JPPS, Vol 4 (1), June 2016: pp 117-122
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Osteogenic potential of cissus qudrangularis assessed with osteopontin expression / Nimisha Singh, Vibha Sing, RK Singh, AB Pant, AK Pant, US Pal, Laxman R Malkunije, Gagan Mehta / National Journal of Maxillofacial Surgery (2013); Vol 3, Issue 1: pp 52-56 / DOI: 10.4103/0975-5950.117884







 

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