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Family Hypoxidaceae

Taloangi
Curculigo orchioides Gaertn.
GOLDEN EYE GRASS

Xian Mao

Scientific names Common names
Curculigo brevifolia Dryand. ex W.T.Aiton Sulsulitik (Bon.) 
Curculigo densa W.Bull Taloangi (Bag.) 
Curculigo firma Kotschy & Peyr. Tataluangi (Buk.) 
Curculigo malabarica Wight Black musale (Engl.)
Curculigo orchioides Gaertn. Black musli (Engl.)
Curculigo orchioides var. minor Benth. Common curculigo (Engl.)
Curculigo pauciflora Zipp. ex Span. Golden eye grass (Engl.)
Curculigo petiolata Royle Orchid palm grass (Engl.)
Curculigo stans Labill. Star grass (Engl.)
Franquevillea major Zoll. ex Kurz Weevil-wort (Engl.)
Gethyllis acaulis Blanco Yellow ground star (Engl.)
Hypoxis dulcis Steud. ex Baker  
Hypoxis minor Seem.  
Hypoxis orchioides (Gaertn.) Kurz  
Curculigo orchioides Gaertn. is an accepted species. KEW: Plantw of the World Online

Other vernacular names
BENGALI: Talamuli, Talusa.
CHINESE: Shan dang shen, Po lu men shen, Du mao, Xian mao shen, Di ziang, Ya guo zi, Hai nan shen, Xian mao.
HINDI: Kali musli, Kali musali, Krishna musli, Musali kand, Muslikand, Tal-muli, Tirna-padi.
KANNADA: Nelataale, Nelatale gedde.
KONKANI: Masalkamdo.
MALAYALAM: Nilappana.
MALAYSIA: Lemba.
MARATHI: Kali musali, Musalakanda, Tal-muli.
SANSKRIT: Musali, Talamuli, Musikaparni, Talpatrika.
TELUGU: Nelamuli.

Gen info
- Curculigo orchioides is an endangered flowering plant species in the genus Curculigo.

Botany
Taloangi is a small stemless herb with stout and elongated rootstock and with copious, spreading fibers. Leaves are sessile or petiolate, linear or narrowly lanceolate, 15 to 20 centimeters long, 1 to 2.5 centimeters wide and with pointed tip. Scape is very short, clavate. Flowers are distichous, bright yellow, with the lowest in the raceme perfect and the upper, male. Perianth produced above the ovary consists of filiform, hairy, very slender strips which are 10 to 25 centimeters long and which alone, with the perianth segments, appear above ground. Segments are 12 to 18 millimeters long, oblong-ovate, acute, and dorsally hairy. Stamens are small, with short filaments. Fruits are oblong, about 10 millimeters in diameter. Seeds are oblong and black with the testa deeply grooved in wavy lines.

Distribution
- Native to the Philippines.
- In open grasslands, chiefly in Cogonales (Imperata) areas at low and medium altitudes.
- Found in Bontoc, Pangasinan, Rizal and Sorsogon provinces in Luzon, and in Mindoro, Palawan, Biliran, Panay and Mindanao.
- Also native to Andaman Is., Assam, Bangladesh, Borneo, Cambodia, Caroline Is., China, Himalaya, India, Japan, Laos, Lesser Sunda Is., Maluku, Marianas, Myanmar, Nansei-shoto, Nepal, New Caledonia, New Guinea, Nicobar Is., Pakistan, Solomon Is., Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Taiwan, Thailand, Vanuatu, Vietnam. (20)

Constituents.
- Yields active compounds: flavones, glycosides, steroids, saponins, triterpenoids and secondary metabolites.
- Tuberous root contains resin, tannin, mucilage, fat, starch, and ash with oxalate of calcium.
- Phytochemical study yielded starch, enzymes, tannins, ash; contains glycoside, orcinol-1-0-beta-D-apiofuranosyl-(1-->6)-beta-D-glucopyranoside, curculigoside, syringic acid.

- Fresh rhizomes yield yuccagenin, a sapogenin, and alkaloid lycorin.
- Rhizome yielded a phenolic glycoside, curculigoside.
- Chloroform extract of rhizome yielded hentriacontanol, sitosterol, stigmasterol, cycloartinol, sucrose.
- Study of ethanol extract of rhizome by GC-MS analysis yielded six compounds viz. decane 2,3,5,8-trimethyl (1), dodecane 2,6,11-trimethyl (2) hexadecane,5-butyl (3) benzoic acid, 4-ethoxy-,ethyl ester (4) docosanoic acid 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester (Tribehenin) (5) and ethyl iso allocholate (6). (see study below) (25)
- Phytochemical screening of root tuber extracts yielded carbohydrates, glycosides, saponins alkaloids, protein and amino acids, phytosteroids, gums and mucilage. Percentage yield of the methanol extract (6.8%) was more than a petroleum ether extract (1.36%). (36)
- Phytochemical screening of methanolic extracts of rhizomes and leaves yielded alkaloids, carbohydrates, glycosides, diterpenes, flavonoids, flavones, phenols, saponins, steroids, tannins, and triterpenes. (see study below) (45)

Properties
- Root is aromatic, slightly bitter, mucilaginous to taste, considered demulcent, diuretic, and restorative.
- According to Ayurveda, root is healing, demulcent, aphrodisiac, appetizer, alternative, immunostimulant, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, anticancer, tonic and antidiabetic.

- According to Unani, root is carminative, tonic, aphrodisiac, antipyretic.
- Studies have suggested antiasthmatic, antiosteoporotic, antioxidant, anticancer, antihepatotoxic, antibacterial, spermatogenic, antidiabetic, aphrodisiac, memory enhancing, analgesic, antipyretic, wound healing, testosterone boosting, neuroprotective, immunomodulatory properties.

Parts utilized
· Rhizomes, tuber paste,
· Collect from early February to late October.
· Remove roots and rootlets, rinse, cut into pieces.
· Sun dry.

Uses
Edibility
• Tubers are edible; cooked.
Folkloric
• For lumbago, weak kidney, neurasthenia, urine retention, chronic nephritis, impotency, bed-wetting.
• Hypertension among women at late ages, chronic arthritis.
• Weakening of the knees and lumbar regions, numbness of the limbs, rheumatic arthritis.
• Given with milk and sugar for gonorrhea, leucorrhea, and menstrual derangements.
• In Ayurveda, increases kapha and reduces vata and pitta; used for treatment of piles, asthma, gonorrhea, biliousness, fatigue and blood disorders. Also considered a potent adaptogen and aphrodisiac.
• In Unani, used for bronchitis, ophthalmic, indigestion, vomiting, diarrhea, lumbago, joint pains.
• In India, Pakistan and China, tuberous roots have been used for cancer, jaundice, asthma, wound healing. Rhizome juice extract has been used as tonic to overcome impotence.
• In India, plant rhizome has been used as an aphrodisiac.
Plant paste applied to skin for itchy afflictions; also applied to hemorrhoids to relieve pain and itching. Also used for gonorrhea, jaundice, vomiting.
• In traditional Chinese medicine, used for the treatment of impotence, limb weakness, osteoarthritis of the knees and lumbar spine, and watery diarrhea. (35)
• In Kerala, India, decoction of tubers drunk as nutritive; decoction of rhizomes used as aphrodisiac and for leucorrhea; paste of tubers applied to bone fractures. (50)

Studies
Anti-osteoporosis: Curculigo orchioides ethanol extract showed a definite protective effect on bone loss in ovariectomized rats by inhibiting bone resorption and increasing serum phosphorus and calcium levels, without affecting bone formation. Results suggest a potential anti-osteoporosis plant. (2)
Antioxidant / Hepatoprotective: Study showed the antioxidant and hepatoprotective capacity of CO in carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatopathy in rats. (3) In a study of hepatotoxic rats, the co-administration of the methanolic extract of CO rhizomes showed a tendency to attain near normalcy in the biochemical and histopathologic parameters. • Study isolated curculignin A and curculigol screened for antihepatotoxic activity against thioacetamide and galactosomine-induced hepatotoxicity.
Anti-asthmatic: Study evaluated an ethanol extract of C orchioides for antiasthmatic activity using in vitro and in vivo animal models.
The extract was effective against histamine induced contraction. In isolated goat tracheal chain preparation and isolated guinea pig ileum preparation, the extract exhibited maximum relaxant effect (p<0.01) against histamine at concentrations of 100 mg/ml and 25 mg/ml, respectively. Drugs effective in asthma are mostly steroidal in nature. Curculigo orchioides extract contains steroidal nucleus in form of triterpenoids, various sapogenins, and saponin glycosides. These chemical moieties may be responsible for C. orchioides antiasthmatic activity. (4)
Antibacterial / Rhizomes: Study evaluated C. orchioides rhizome extracts for antibacterial activity against pathogenic strains of Gram positive (S. aureus and S. epidermis) and Gram negative (E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and S. typhimurium). Only the clinical isolate of S. aureus showed more sensitivity to the water extracts than the standard strain. The steam distilled extract of was more effective against Gm-positive strains than Gm-negative strains. Results suggest steam distilled extract has potential application as antiseptic for the prevention and treatment of antibacterial infections. (5)
Antimicrobial / Anti-tumor / Saponins: Study showed antibacterial (P aeruginosa, S aureus, K pneumonia), antifungal (Aspergillus niger and A flavus) and antitumor activities of different fractionated extracts of CO attributed to the presence of plant glycosides, saponins. (7)
Spermatogenic Activity: A study of ethanolic extract in albino rats showed pronounced effect of orientation of male towards female rates, increased anogenital sniffing and mounting, increased spermatogenesis, findings that support the folk use of the plant as an aphrodisiac. (8) Study of a hydroalcoholic root extract of black musli in experimental animal, Passer domesticus, showed spermatogenic enhancing properties. (34)
Immunostimulatory / Rhizomes: The plant rhizomes have been used to treat declining strength, jaundice and asthma. The study of its methanolic extract showed significant immunostimulant activity in an isolated purified glycoside-rich fraction, acting on both lymphocytes and macrophages. (9) Methanol extract of CO exhibited a potential as a protective agent against cytotoxic drugs. In a study on humoral and cell mediated immunity in normal and cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppressed mice, results showed a dose-dependent increase in humoral antibody titre and delayed-type hypersensitivity. (11)
Antidiabetic / Root Tuber: In a study of alcohol and aqueous extracts tested with alloxan-induced diabetic rats, both produced significant hypoglycemic activity when compared with diabetic control. (10) Study of ethanolic and aqueous extracts showed antidiabetic activity in normal, glucose-loaded and alloxan-induced diabetic rats with a diabetic activity comparable to standard agent glimeperide. (23) A methanolic root extract of C. orchioides exhibited hypoglycemic activity in alloxan induced hyperglycemic rats. (32) Study evaluated the effect of Curculigo orchioides rhizome on blood glucose levels of STZ-induced diabetic rats. Results showed significant hypoglycemic activity compared to standard antidiabetic drug Glibenclamide. The effect may be due to uptake of glucose at the tissue level or inhibition of intestinal absorption of glucose. (44)
Pharmacologic Properties: Studies have observed (1) oxytocic activity of a flavone glycoside. (2) Hepatoprotective activity against rifampin-induced hepatotoxicities. (3) Ethanolic extract exhibited estrogenic activity with increase in vaginal cornification, uterine net weight and proliferative changes in the uterine endometrium.
Aphrodisiac / Spermatogenic Effect / Rhizome: Ethanolic extract of rhizome have shown improved sexual behavior in male rats with observed changes in sexual performance as: penile erection, mating performance, mount frequency and mount latency, with pronounced anabolic and spermatogenic effect.
Effect on Hyperglycemia-Induced Oligospermia and Sexual Dysfunction: An aqueous extract was evaluated for benefits in rats against STZ-induced hyperglycemic stress and sexual dysfunction due to hyperglycemia. Results showed amelioration in damage caused by sustained hyperglycemia vis-a-vis male sexual behavior, sperm count, penile erection index and seminal fructose content. (14)
Curculigoside / Learning and Memory / Cognitive Benefits in Aged Rats: Study evaluated the ameliorating effects of curculigoside from C. orchioides on learning and memory in aged rats. Results showed curculigoside can improve cognitive function in aged animals, possibly by decreasing the activity of AchE in the cerebra and inhibiting the expression of BACE1 in the hippocampus. Results suggest a potential new drug for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. (16)
Analgesic / Anti-Inflammatory / Rhizome: An ethanol extract of rhizome showed significant dose-dependent exhibited dose-dependent anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities. Phytochemical screening yielded alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, and tannins. (17)
New Phenolic Glycosides / Weak Anti-HBV Activity: Study yielded three new phenolic glycosides, curculigosides F-H from the rhizomes of C. orchioides. Compound 1 exhibited weak anti-HBV activity in vitro. (18)
Acute Toxicity Study / Anti-Inflammatory / Rhizome: A hydroalcoholic extract of rhizome and its alkaloidal and non-alkaloidal fractions were evaluated in a carrageenan-induced paw edema rat model. Results showed anti-inflammatory activity. On acute toxicity evaluation, no toxicity was noted up to 2000 mg/kg/p.o. (19)
Antibacterial / Antioxidant / Antiproliferative: Study evaluated the antibacterial, antioxidant, and antiproliferative activity of B. sensitivum, C. orchioides and C. dactylon. A petroleum ether extract of Curculigo orchioides showed significant antibacterial activity against pathogenic strains of bacteria. A methanolic extract showed higher phenolic and flavonoid content and significant DPPH scavenging and reducing power activity. The methanolic extract also showed strong antiproliferative activity against HepG2 (hepatocellular liver carcinoma) with IC50 of 127.12 µg/ml. (21)
Anti-Cancer / Enhancement of Chemotherapeutic Effects: Study evaluated the tumor reduction capacity of cyclophosphamide (CTX) in combination with C. orchioides methanolic extract using Dalton's lymphoma ascites-induced solid tumor models. Results showed the extract in combination with CTX can result in enhanced anticancer properties and also ameliorate the toxic effects of CTX. (22)
Antimicrobial / Rhizomes: Study investigated aqueous and ethanolic extracts of C. orchioides for antimicrobial activity against Erwinia amylovora, K. pneumonia, E. coli, P. mirabilis, P. aeruginosa and Enterobacter cloacae. Among the two extracts, the ethanolic extract showed maximum antimicrobial activity against the six microorganisms. (24)
Bioactive Compounds / Rhizomes: Study of ethanol extract of rhizome by GC-MS analysis yielded six compounds. Compound 6, ethyl iso-allocholate, has been reported to have antimicrobial, antiasthma, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and diuretic properties. (see constituents above) (25)
Mucilage as Suspending Agent: Study evaluated mucilage from the roots of C. orchioides as a suspending agent, comparing it with standard suspending agents like sodium carboxymethylcellulose and Acacia. Results showed the mucilage to to be superior suspending agent than acacia indicating a potential source of a pharmaceutical adjuvant. (26)
Gold Nanoparticles / Antibacterial: Study reports on the comparatively rapid and inexpensive synthesis of AuNPs using C. orchioides plant extract with wide application in antibacterial therapy. (27)
Neuroprotective / Cyclophosphamide Neurotoxicity: Study evaluated the neuroprotective effect of C. orchioides in an animal mode of cyclophosphamide induced neurotoxicity. Curculigo orchioides significantly promoted restoration of catalase (p<0.005), superoxide dismutase (p<0.005), and glutathione (p<0.05) levels, together with a very significant decrease in malondialdehyde levels. Flavonoids and polyphenols content may be responsible for the neuroprotective effect. (28)
Anti-Inflammatory / Root Tubers: Study evaluated the anti-inflammatory effect of a methanolic extract of root tubers in a carrageenan induced rat paw edema model. Results showed statistically significant anti-inflammatory activity at doses of 200 mg/kg and 499 mg/kg, Standard drug was diclofenac sodium. (29)
Curculigoside / Ameliorative Effects on Learning and Memory: Study evaluated the ameliorative effects of curculigoside from C. orchioides on learning and memory in aged rats through step-down test and Y-maze test. Results showed curculigoside can improved cognitive function in aged animals, possibly by decreasing the activity of AchE in the cerebrum and inhibiting expression of BACE1 in the hippocampus. Results suggest a potential for the development of a drug for Alzheimer's disease. (30)
Antipyretic / Analgesic / Rhizomes: Study evaluated a methanolic extract of rhizomes for antipyretic (yeast induced pyrexia) and analgesic (Eddy's hot plate method, acetic acid induced writhing method, and head conduction method) activity. Results showed significant antipyretic (p<0.05) and analgesic (p<0.001) activity. (31)
Hepatoprotective / Paracetamol Toxicity / Rhizomes: Study evaluated the hepatoprotective activity of ethanolic extract of C. orchioides against paracetamol and ethanol induced hepatotoxicity in albino Wistar rats. Results showed significant hepatoprotective activity, with reduction of elevated SGOT, SGPT, ALP and total bilirubin, almost comparable to silymarin. Histopathology showed regeneration of hepatocytes. (33)
• Chronic Toxicity Study: Toxicological study indicated Curculigo orchioides at a dose of 120 g/k for 180 days in rats may cause injury to the liver and kidney. (35)
• Free Testosterone Boosting Efficacy: Study developed a novel extract of C. orchioides (™Blamus) and assessed its testosterone effect in male rats. At a dose of of 50 mg/kbw, Blamus showed a significant increase in serum free testosterone level (p<0.0001), with not significant change in total serum testosterone. Study suggest a broad spectrum of safety. Histopathological analysis and investigations on the seminiferous tubules, spermatogenesis, sperm cell morphology, Leydig cells and Sertoli cells showed dose-dependent improvement in structural integrity. Results suggest potential for a safe and novel, natural testosterone booster with broad application in sports nutrition, muscle building, and exercise pathophysiology. (37) (56)
• Triterpene Glycosides / Cytotoxic Activity / Rhizomes: Study isolated six new cycloartane glycosides from the rhizomes of C. orchioides. Compound 1 and 1a showed cytotoxic activity against HL-60 cells with IC50 of 9.0 and 1.8 µM, respectively. (38)
• Silver Nanoparticles / Antioxidant / Anticancer Activity: Ethyl acetate extract and silver nanoparticles synthesized from C. orchioides showed significant antioxidant and anticancer activities. The antioxidant activity was attributed to phenolic compounds. Anticancer activity against breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) was higher in the silver nanoparticles than the ethyl acetate extract. (39)
• Wound Healing / Tubers: Study evaluated a methanol extract for wound healing effect and various biochemical parameters viz. superoxide dismutase, lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide levels in granulation tissue of diabetic mice. The root tubers extract increased the rate of angiogenesis and improved antioxidant enzyme status that led to faster wound healing in diabetic conditions. (40)
• Effect of Total Glucosides in Perimenopause Model: Study in mice showed C. orchioides total glucosides improved the effects caused by perimenopause on pathological changes in the uterus, hypothalamus, spleen, and other organs. (41)
• Polysaccharides / Anti-Tumor Effect / Cervical Cancer / Rhizomes: Study evaluated the anti-tumor effects of polysaccharides from C. orchioides on cervical cancer in mice injected with HeLa cells, in parameters of tumor volume and weight. Results showed significant anti-tumor effect on cervical cancer in vivo and in vitro, probably through enhancement of immune function and induction of apoptosis. (42)
• Bioactivity Prediction / Leaves and Rhizomes: GC-MS analysis of leaves yielded 2-myristynoyl pantetheine at 32.72%; another compound,
4-Acetyloxyimino-6,6-dimethyl-3-methylsulfanyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro benzo [c] thiophene -1 carboxylic acid methyl ester has a biological role in treatment of Alzheimer's disease, neurodegenerative disease and cognition disorders. The rhizome yielded a major compound of 2,7-diphenyl-1,6- dioxopyridazino [4,5:2',3']pyrrolo[4',5'-d] pyridazine (18.36%), with predicted biological activity as antiepileptic, and treatment for heart failure, renal disease, and Alzheimer's disease. (see constituents above) (45)
• Antioxidant / Roots: Study evaluated the antioxidant activity of an ethanolic root extract of C. orchioides by three in vitro methods viz. DPPH, reducing power, and phosphomolybdenum assay. Results showed significant free radical, reducing power, antioxidant activity in a concentration dependent manner. (46)
• Curculigoside / Prevention of H2O2-Induced Dysfunction and Oxidative Damage in Osteoblasts / Rhizomes: ROS, and H2O2 play critical roles in the pathophysiology of osteoporosis. Curculigoside (CUR), one of the main bioactive phenolic compounds isolated from the rhizome of C. orchioides is reported to have potent antioxidant and anti-osteoporotic properties. Study investigated the protective effects of CUR against oxidative stress in calvarial osteoblasts. Results provides new insights into the osteoblast-protective mechanisms of CUR through reduction of ROS production and suggests potential for CUR to be developed as a biosafe agent for the prevention and treatment of osteopororis and other bone-related human diseases. (47)
• Effect of Curculigoside on Memory Impairment and Bone Loss: Study evaluated the effects of CUR on the spatial learning and memory by Morris water maze and brain immunohistochemistry, and bone microstructure and material properties of femurs in APP/PS1 mutated transgenic mice. Results show CUR has real potential as a new natural resource as medicine or dietary supplement for the prevention of two multifactorial progressive degenerative disorders, Alzheimer's dementia and osteoporosis. (48)
• Improvement of Sexual Performance in Diabetic Male Rats: Sustained hyperglycemia is considered a major cause of sexual and erectile dysfunction in humans. Study evaluated an aqueous extract for effectiveness against STZ-induced hyperglycemic stress and subsequent sexual dysfunction due to hyperglycemia in male rats. The aqueous extract ameliorated the deleterious effects of sustained hyperglycemia along with amelioration in the reduction of serum testosterone levels, in vivo sperm count, seminal fructose content. Results validate the use of C. orchioides in traditional medicine for curing diabetes induced sexual dysfunction and compromised sexual potency. (49)
• Antioxidative / Antiproliferative on Human Cancer Cell Lines: Study evaluated the antioxidant and anticancerous activity of C. orchioides against cancer cell lines HepG2, HeLa, MCF-7. Plant fractions exhibited significant antioxidant activities by free radical scavenging with EA fraction showing IC50 of 52.93 µg/ml by DPPH assay. MTT assay of cells lines HepG2, HeLa, and MCF-7 showed IC50s of 133.44, 136.50 and 145.09 µg/mL for aqueous ethyl acetate fraction and 171.23, 144.80, 153.51 µg/mL for ethyl acetate fraction. EA and AEA fractions down-regulated levels of antiapoptotic Bcl-2 expression and up-regulated expression of apoptotic proteins caspase-3 and caspase-8 via intrinsic ROS-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction pathway. (51)
• Mast Cell Stabilization / Antihistaminic / Rhizomes: Study evaluated the mast cell stabilization and antihistaminic activities of rhizomes of C. orchioides (COR). The raised number of intact mast cells intimates that COR stabilized the mast cell degranulation (60.96%) and antihistaminic potential 963.58 inhibition at dose of 400 mg/kg). Results demonstrates COR inhibits mast cell-derived immediate-type allergic reactions and mast cell degranulation. (52)
• Silver Nanoparticles / Antibacterial, Larvicidal, Anticancer / Rhizome: Study reports on the rapid method synthesis of silver nanoparticles using C. orchioides rhizome extracts. High levels of polyphenols, gamma sterol, and n-hexadecanoic acid contents were reported. Boiled rhizome extract mediated AgNPs exhibited maximum zone of inhibition against bacterial strains tested. Larvicidal bioassay showed highest mortality rate against malarial vectors such as Anopheles subpictus and Culex quinquefasciatus. Invitro cytotoxicity study showed inhibitory activity against human breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB-231) and Vero cell line, with IC50 of 18.86 and 42.43 µg/mL, respectively. Results suggest potential as antibacterial, larvicidal, and anticancer activity for the CoBAgNPs. (53)
• Antihypertensive / Root: Study evaluated the antihypertensive mechanism of methanol extract of Curculigo orchioides root in DOCA salt-induced nephrectomized hypertensive wistar rats. Extract was administered at 600 mg/kg i.p. Systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial blood pressures and pulse pressure were significantly decreased in extract treated rats compared to control. Antihypertensive activity was attributed to ACE inhibitor mechanism similar to enalapril in DOCA salt-induced hypertensive rats. (54)
• Protective Effect on Heat Stress-Induced Spermatogenesis Complications / Rhizome: Study evaluated the potential protective effects of C. orchioides extract on reproductive health under heat stress conditions in male mice. Histological analysis of testicular tissue showed heat stress conditions reduced reproductive function and inhibited spermatogenesis in male mice. The rhizome extract attenuated the heat stress-induce spermatogenesis complications in the murine model. Extract treated mice had increased spermatogenic cells and spermatozoa and enhanced serum total testosterone levels in heat-exposed mice. (55)
• Enhanced Synthesis of Curculigoside in Static Culture: Study evaluated the enhancement of an active compound, curculigoside, by incorporation of various concentrations of phenylalanine, tyrosine, chromium, and nickel into Zenk media. Results showed a significantly remarkable enhancement in all induced samples. Tyrosine showed to be a better enhancer than Phe in the biosynthetic pathway of curculigoside. The protocol may have potential in pharmaceutical industries. (57)

Availability
Wild-crafted.
Extracts, root powder, pills in the cybermarket.


Updated July 2023 / November 2018 / June 2016


Photo © Godofredo Stuart / StuartXchange
IMAGE SOURCE: Photo: Yellow Ground Star (Curculigo orchioides) /  Viren Vaz teve / CC BY-SA 2.5 / Image modified / click on link or image to go to source page / Wikipedia
IMAGE SOURCE: Photo: Yellow Ground Star (Curculigo orchioides flowers) / ©  Prajwal J Ullal / CC BY-NC / Image modified / click on link or image to go to source page / iNaturalist

Additional Sources and Suggested Readings
(1)
Kali Musli (Curculigo orchioides Gaetrn.) / Pankaj Oudhia
(2)
Curculigo orchioides, a traditional Chinese medicinal plant, prevents bone loss in ovariectomized rats / D P Cao, Y N Zheng, L P Qin, T Han, H Zhang, Khalid Rahman, Q Y Zhang / Maturitas, Volume 59, Issue 4: pp 373-380 / https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2008.03.010
(3)
ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF CURCULIGO ORCHIOIDES IN CARBON TETRACHLORIDE-INDUCED HEPATOPATHY IN RATS / M R Venukumar and M S Latha / Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry, 2002, 17 (2) 80-87
(4)
Evaluation of antiasthmatic activity of Curculigo orchioides gaertn. rhizomes
/ Pranali Pandit et al / Indian J Pharm Sci., 2008 Jul–Aug; 70(4): pp 440–444. / doi: 10.4103/0250-474X.44590.
(5)
Antibacterial activity of Curculigo orchioides rhizome extract on pathogenic bacteria / K S Nagesh and C Shanthamma / African Journal of Microbiology Research, Jan 2009; 3(1): pp 5-9
(6)
HEPATOPROTECTIVE EFFECT OF THE METHANOLIC EXTRACT OF CURCULIGO ORCHIOIDES IN CCl4 -TREATED MALE RATS / M R Venukumar and M S Latha / Indian Journal of Pharmacology 2002; 34: 269-275
(7)
Antimicrobial and antitumor activity of the fractionated extracts of Kalimusli (Curculigo orchioides) / RESEARCH ARTICLE / Rajesh Singh, AK Gupta / Year : 2008 | Volume : 2 | Issue : 1 | Page : 34-36
(8)
Spermatogenic activity of rhizomes of Curculigo orchioides Gaertn in male rats / Chauhan NS and Dixit V K / International Journal of Applied Research in Natural Products, 2008; 1(2): pp. 26-31
(9)
Immunostimulant principles from Curculigo orchioides / Journal of ethnopharmacology ISSN 0378-8741 CODEN JOETD7 / 2003, vol. 89, no2-3, pp. 181-18
(10)
Antidiabetic Activity of Curculigo Orchioides. Root Tuber / V Madhavan et al / Summary Pharmaceutical Biology, 2007; Vol. 45, No. 1: pp 18-20 /
https://doi.org/10.1080/13880200601026259
(11)
Immunostimulatory effect of methanol extract of Curculigo orchioides on immunosuppressed mice / A R Bafna and S H Mishra / Journal of Ethnopharmacology • Volume 104, Issues 1-2, 8 March 2006, Pages 1-4
(12)
Curculigo orchioides: the black gold with numerous health benefits / Nagendra Singh Chauhan, Vikas Sharma et al / Journ of Chinese Integrative Medicine, July 2010, Vol 8, No 7.

(13)
Curculigo orchioides / Wikipedia
(14)
Effect of Curculigo orchioides on hyperglycemia-induced oligospermia and sexual dysfunction in male rats
/ M Thakur, N S Chauhan, V Sharma, V K Dixit and S Bhargava / International Journal of Impotence Research 24, 31-37 (January/February 2012) | doi:10.1038/ijir.2011.43
(15)
Curculigo orchioides Gaertn. (Kali Musali): An endangered medicinal plant of commercial value
/ Saba Irshad, J Singh, S P Jain, and S P S Khanuja / Natural Products Radiance, Vol 5(5), 2006, pp 369-372.
(16)
Ameliorative Effects of Curculigoside from Curculigo orchioides Gaertn on Learning and Memory in Aged Rats / Xiu-Ying Wu, Jian-Zhong Li, Jian-Zheng Guo and Bao-Yuan Hou* / Molecules 2012, 17(9), 10108-10118; doi:10.3390/molecules170910108
(17)
ANALGESIC AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY STUDIES OF THE ETHANOL EXTRACT OF CURCULIGO ORCHIOIDES GAERTN. RHIZOME / Mohammad Asif*, Ankush Kumar, Mujahidul Islam / Inventi Rapid: Ethnopharmacology , Vol. 2010, 2010
(18)
Three new phenolic glycosides from Curculigo orchioides / G. Ai-Xue Zuo, Yong Shen, Zhi-Yong Jiang, Xue-Mei Zhang, Jun Zhou, Jun Lü, Ji-Jun Chen⁎ / Fitoterapia 81 (2010) 910–913
(19)
Acute Toxicity Study and In-vivo Anti-inflammatory Activity of Different Fractions of Curculigo orchioides Gaertn. Rhizome in Albino Wistar Rats / Mohammad Asif*, Ankush Kumar / Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Summer 2010: 6(3): 191-198
(20)
Curculigo orchioides / Synonyms / KEW: Plants of the World Online
(21)
Antioxidant, Antibacterial and Anti-Proliferative Activity and Phytochemical Analysis of Selected Medicinal Plants from Dasapushpam of Kerala / Sreena Raj, Manon Berthomier, Merlene Ann Babu, K M Gothandam / International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research 23(1) · November 2013
(22)
Enhancement of cancer chemotherapeutic efficacy of cyclophosphamide by Curculigo orchioides Gaertn and its ameliorative effects on cyclophosphamide-induced oxidative stress. / Murali VP, Kuttan G / Integr Cancer Ther. 2015 Mar;14(2):172-83. / doi: 10.1177/1534735414564424. Epub 2015 Jan 9.
(23)
A Review on Ethnomedicines of Curculigo orchioides Gaertn (Kali Musli): Black Gold / Jitendra Mehta and Krishnendra Singh Nama / Int. J. Phar. & Biomedi. Rese. 2014, 1 (1): 12-16
(24)
PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF CURCULIGO ORCHIOIDES GAERTN RHIZOME, AN ENDANGERED MEDICINAL HERB / Susindran, P. and Ramesh, N. / International Journal of Current Research
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GC-MS DETERMINATION OF BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS OF CURCULIGO ORCHIOIDES GAERTN / Daffodil E D, Uthayakumari F K, Mohan V R / Science Research Reporter 2(3):198-201, Oct. 2012
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Evaluation of Curculigo orchioides Mucilage as Suspending Agent
/ Gaikar NV, Sandhya P*, Chaudhari CA / Int.J. PharmTech Res.2011,3(2)
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Biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) from Curculigo orchioides and study their antimicrobial efficacy / S. Saranya* / International Journal of Phytopharmacy, Jul-Aug 2015; 5(4): pp.58-64 / DOI:10.7439/ijpp
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Protective Effect of Curculigo Orchioides Extract on Cyclophosphamide-Induced Neurotoxicity in Murine Model / Dipica Ramchandani, Aditya Ganeshpurkar, Divya Bansal, Manvendra Singh Karchuli, and Nazneen Dubey / Toxicol Int. 2014 Sep-Dec; 21(3): 232–235. / doi: 10.4103/0971-6580.155323
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STUDIES ON THE ANTI- INFLAMMATORY PROPERTIES OF CURCULIGO ORCHIOIDES GAERTN. ROOT TUBERS / Anuj Kumar Agrahari*, Sanjaya Kumar Panda, Ashutosh Meher and Amiya Ranjan Padhan / INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES AND RESEARCH (2012): 3.72; (2013): 2.61; (2014): 1.54 ,ICV 2012: / DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.1(8-S).139-43
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Ameliorative Effects of Curculigoside from Curculigo orchioides Gaertn on Learning and Memory in Aged Rats / Xiu-Ying Wu, Jian-Zhong Li, Jian-Zheng Guo and Bao-Yuan Hou / Molecules 2012, 17(9), 10108-10118; / doi:10.3390/molecules170910108
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EVALUATION OF ANTI-PYRETIC AND ANALGESIC ACTIVITY OF CURCULIGO ORCHIOIDES GAERTN RHIZOMES. / PRANALI PANDIT*, P. BALARAJU, V. RAVIKANTH, M. SWETHA, M. SHIREESHA, K. NIKITHA REDDY / PHARMANEST - An International Journal of Advances In Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vol.2 (5 – 6 ) September – December -2011
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A study on hypoglycemic activity of methanolic root extract of Curculigo orchioides / Anandakirouchenane Elumalai, Dr. Sarath Chandiran Irisappan*, Dr. Kadalmani Balamuthu / An International Journal 2013,1(9),899-902
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Hepatoprotective Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Rhizomes of Curculigo Orchioides / D. Bargavi*, Anupam Kanti Bag, Sk. Karimulla, M. Gobinath / Pharma Research Library
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EVALUATION OF ENHANCED SPERMATOGENIC ACTIVITIES OF BLACK MUSLI, CURCULIGO ORCHIOIDES IN THE INDIAN SPARROW, PASSER DOMESTICUS
/ D V Tayade / Bioscience Discovery, 3(1):58-60, Jan. 2012
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Medicinal plants of genus Curculigo: traditional uses and a phytochemical and ethnopharmacological review. / Nie Y, Dong X, He Y, Yuan T, Han T, Rahman K, Qin L, Zhang Q / J Ethnopharmacol., June 2013; 147(3): pp 547-63 / doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.03.066.
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Phytochemical Screening of Curculigo Orchioides Gaertn. Root tubers / Anuj kumar Agrahari, Sanjaya Kumar Panda, Ashutosh Meher, Amiya Ranjan Padhan and Mohd Khaliquzzama / J. Chem. Pharm. Res., 2010, 2(2): pp 107-111
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Safety and Free Testosterone Boosting Efficacy of a Novel Curculigo orchioides Extract (Blamus™) in Male Rats / Debasis Bagchi, Anand Swaroop, Manashi Bagchi, Harry G. Preuss / The FASEB Journal, April 2017, 31(1)
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Triterpene Glycosides from Curculigo orchioides and Their Cytotoxic Activity / Akihito Yokosuka, Koji Sato, Takao Yamori, and Yoshihiro Mimaki / J. Nat. Prod., 2010; 73 (6): pp 1102–1106 / DOI: 10.1021/np100111s
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IN VITRO ANTICANCER ACTIVITY OF ETHYL ACETATE EXTRACT AND GREEN NANOPARTICLE SYNTHESIZED FROM CURCULIGO ORCHIOIDES GAERTN - AN ENDANGERED MEDICINAL PLANT / T. Selvaraj and P. Agastian / International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research / 10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.8(7): pp 3030-3038
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Wound healing activity of standardized extract of Curculigo orchioides in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice / Anurag Singh, Surabhi Bajpai, Nisha Singh, Vinod Kumar, Jalaj Kumar Gour, Pramod Kumar Singh, Rakesh Kumar Singh / Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease, 2014; 4(Suppl 1): S48-S53 / doi: 10.1016/S2222-1808(14)60414-X
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Effects of Curculigo orchioides total glucosides in mouse perimenopause model of related organization and organs morphology / Cao Shan, Tian Shuo, Bai Ming, Liu Shaoyan, Jia Jiaojiao, Miao Mingsan / Bangladesh Journal of Pharmacology, 2016; Vol 11
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A Comparative Study of Cholinesterase Inhibitory, Thrombolytic and Antioxidant Activities of Three Medicinal Plants (Basella alba, Blumea balsamifera, and Curculigo orchioides) Available in Bangladesh for the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Disorders and Clotting Disorders / Sristy, Frazana Khan / EWU Institutional Repository / http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/2205
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Anti-tumor effect of polysaccharides from rhizome of Curculigo orchioides Gaertn on cervical cancer / Ling-fang Xia, Shan-hui Liang, Hao Wen, Jia Tang and Yan Huang / Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, August 2016; 15(8): pp 1731-1737 / http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/tjpr.v15i8.19
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Hypoglycemic Activity of Curculigo orchioides Gaertn in Normal and Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Rats / A K Jain, Naveen Sharma, Amit Upadhyay, Ashish Dixit / Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology, Jan-Mar 2010; 3(1): pp 133-135
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Phytochemical analysis and bioactivity prediction of compounds in methanolic extracts of Curculigo orchioides Gaertn. / Brintha S, Rajesh S, Renuka R, Santhanakrishnan VP and Gnanam R / Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 2017; 6(4): pp 192-197
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EVALUATION OF INVITRO ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF ETHANOLIC ROOT EXTRACT OF CURCULIGO ORCHIOIDES / K V Ratnam, K Ravishankar and P Priyabhandavi / INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PHARMACY AND CHEMISTRY, 2013; 3(2)
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Curculigoside isolated from Curculigo orchioides prevents hydrogen peroxide-induced dysfunction and oxidative damage in calvarial osteoblasts  / Ying Wang, Lu Zhao, Yin Wang, Jinlong Xu, Yan Nie, Yuanhui Guo ,Yongtao Tong, Luping Qin, Qiaoyan Zhang / Acta Biochimica et Biophysica Sinica, May 2012; Volume 44, Issue 5: pp 431–441 / https://doi.org/10.1093/abbs/gms014
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Effects of Curculigoside on Memory Impairment and Bone Loss via Anti-Oxidative Character in APP/PS1 Mutated Transgenic Mice / Lu Zhao, Sha Liu, Yin Wang, Qiaoyan Zhang, Wenjuan Zhao, Zejian Wang, Ming Yin  /  PLoS ONE, 2015; 10(7): e0133289 / https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0133289
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Curculigo orchioides Gaertn. extract improves sexual performance in diabetic male rats / M Thakur, S Bhargava, V Dixit / Planta Med, 2010; 76 / DOI: 10.1055/s-0030-1264621
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AN ETHNOMEDICINAL SURVEY OF MEDICINAL PLANTS UTILIZED BY FOLK PEOPLE OF THE THRISSUR FOREST CIRCLE, KERALA / Raghunathan M. / European Journal of Pharmaceutical and Medical Research, 2017; 4(11): pp 401-409
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Antioxidative and anti-proliferative potential of Curculigo orchioides Gaertn in oxidative stress induced cytotoxicity: In vitroex vivo and in silico studies / Iram Iqbal Hejazi, Rashmin Khanam, Sonu Chang Thakur, Fareeda Athar et al / Food and Chemical Toxicology, 2018; Volume 115: pp 244-259 /
DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.03.013
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Mast cell stabilization and antihistaminic potentials of Curculigo orchioidesrhizomes / P Venkatesh, Pulok K Mukherjee, Satheesh Kumar N, Neelesh K Nema, A Bandyopadhyay, Hiroyuki Fukui, Hiroyuki Mizuguchi / Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2009; 126(3): pp 434-436 / DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2009.09.019
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Green Synthesis of Metallic Silver Nanoparticles Using Curculigo orchioides Rhizome Extracts and Evaluation of Its Antibacterial, Larvicidal, and Anticancer Activity / T Kayalvizhi, S Ravikumar, P Venkatachalam /  Journal of Enviromental Engineering, Vol 142(9) /
DOI:10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0001098
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INVESTIGATION OF ANTIHYPERTENSIVE MECHANISM OF CURCULIGO ORCHIOIDES IN DOCA SALT INDUCED HYPERTENSIVE RATS / Umang H Joshi, Vimal R Solanki, Tusharbindu R Desai, Pravin R Tirgar /  IJP: International Journal of Phytopharmacology,  2012; 3(2): pp 178-185 / eISSN: 0975-9328 / pISSN: 2229-7472
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Protective Effect of Curculigo orchioidesGaertn. Extract on Heat Stress-Induced Spermatogenesis Complications in Murine Model / Thanh-Nhan Bui-Le, Quang Hoang Tan, Huong Hoang-Viet, Bich-Phuong Truong-Thi, Tung Nguyen-Thanh / CIMB: Current Issues Mol Biology, 2023; 45(4): pp 3255-3267 /
DOI: 10.3390/cimb45040212
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Safety and Efficacy of a Novel Curculigo orchioides Extract in Boosting Testosterone Levels in Male Rats / Anand Swaroop, Harry G Preuss, Manashi Bagchi, Debasis Bagchi / The FASEB Journal: Biochemisty and Molecular Biology, 2018; 32(S1) 
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Enhanced Synthesis of Curculigoside by Stress and Amino Acids in Static Culture of Curculigo orchioidesGaertn (Kali Musli) / Pratibha Chaturvedi, Vincent Briganza / Pharmacognosy Research, 2016; 8(3): pp 193-198 / DOI: 10.4103/0974-8490.182915




 


 

 

 

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