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Family Solanaceae
Talong-siam
Solanum sanitwongsei Craib.

Scientific names Common names
Solanum sanitwongsei W.G.Craib. Talong-siam (Tag.)
TAXON NOTES: Some compilation lists S. sanitwongsei as synonym of S violaceum Ortega, but the plant has no prickles. Other compilations list them as separate species.
TAXON NOTES: In some compilations, Solanum violaceum is synonymous to Solanic indicum and Solanum sodomeum.
Solanum sanitwongsei W. G. Craib is an unresolved name. The Plant List

Other vernacular names
THAI: Ma waeng ton, Ma waeng khruea.
OTHERS: Inggir-inggir.

Botany
Talong-Siam is a half-woody shrub growing 0.5 to 1 meter high. Leaves are oblong-ovate, 5 to 9 centimeters long, 3.5 to 8 centimeters wide, blunt at the tip, heart-shaped, square-shaped or pointed at the base, lobed in the margins, and hairy underneath. Flowers are bluish, on 8- to 15-millimeter stalks, and borne on racemes. Calyx is oblong-triangular, about 4 millimeters long. Corolla lobes are oblong-lanceolate, about 8 millimeters long and 5 millimeters wide. Fruit is yellow or yellow-orange, becoming red when ripe, smooth, somewhat rounded, and up to 1 centimeter in diameter. Seeds are compressed, pale, copiously punctulate, and 2 millimeters in diameter.

Distribution
- Limited cultivation in Manila.
- Seeds originated from Bangkok, Siam.

Constituents
- Phytochemical screening of crude drugs and ethanol extract yielded steroids/triterpenoids, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, glycosides and saponins. (see study below) (12)

Properties
- Fruits considered anti-diabetic, diuretic and expectorant.
- Studies have shown anti-hypertensive, diuretic, cytotoxic, apoptotic properties.

Parts used
Fruit.

Uses

Edibility
- In Bangkok, the berries are regular market produce fare.
Folkloric
- Used in Siam for diabetes. Ingestion of the berries with each meal used for both cure and prevention. The discovery of the use of the plant was made by the late Dr. Yai S. Sanitwongse. His early study suggested a correlation between the used of the fruit as condiment with meals in diabetics, with a marked effect in sugar lowering.
- Report made of benefits with ingesting 10 little fresh berries with each meal.
- Fruits used as folk medicine for cough and sore throat, five to six fruits are chewed for relief.

Studies
No Diabetic Effect / 1930 Study:
A 1930 study reported no striking influence of the use of the berries on diabetic states. (6)
Antihypertensive /Fruit: Study evaluated an ethanol extract of fruit of Solanum saitwongsei for antihypertensive effect in male Wistar rats with hypertension-induced with sodium chloride and methylprednisolone. Results showed significant (p<0.05) decrease in blood pressure, with reduction in systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressure. (9)
Acute Toxicity Study / Fruit: Study evaluated the oral acute toxicity of ethanolic extract of Solanum sanitwongsei Craib fruits on male and female swiss albino mice. Results showed no significant toxic effect in mice. LD50 testing showed no mortality or changes at highest dose administered (1000 mg/kg bw). (10)
Diuretic Effect / Fruit: Study evaluated the diuretic effect of ethanol extract of fruit of Solanum sanitwongsei. Results showed the ethanol extracts of fruits in doses of 50, 100, and 150 mg/kbw provided diuretic activity with increase of urine volume, sodium, and potassium levels of white male rats. (11)
Cytotoxic & Apoptotic Against HeLa Cells: Cytotoxic assay obtained IC50 value of ethanol extract, fractions n-hexane, ethyl acetate and water to HeLa cells, respectively for 178 195 µg/ml; 812 954 µg/ml; 85 489 µg/ml and 241.58 µg/ml; and the ethyl acetate fraction was the most active fraction. EA fraction of S. sanitwongsei can stimulate apoptosis in HeLa cells. (12)

Availability
- Cultivated.
- Seeds in the cybermarket.

Updated July 2019 / Septembedr 2016

IMAGE SOURCE: / Photograph / Solanum sanitwongsei Craib / © Go Organic / Athenaz / Athenaz
OTHER IMAGE SOURCE: / Illustration / Solanum sanitwongsei Craib / Addisonia, vol. 17: t. 566 (1932) [M.E. Eaton] /Illustration contributed by the Library of the Missouri Botanical Garden, U.S.A. / PlantIllustrations.org

Additional Sources and Suggested Readings
(1)
Taxon: Solanum sanitwongsei Craib / USDA
(2)
INVESTIGATION OF INSULIN-LIKE PROPERTIES OF UVURSIN, OXYCATALYST, AND SOLANUM SANITWONGSEI BERRIES / M Louisa Long and Fritz Bischoff / J Pharmacol Exp Ther March 1930 38:313-325
(3)
ISSR variations in eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) and related Solanum species / Shiro Isshiki, Naoko Iwata et al /
Scientia Horticulturae, Vol 117, Issue 3, 23 July 2008, Pages 186-190 / doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2008.04.003
(4)
Sorting EGGPLANT names / Copyright © 1995 - 2020 Michel H. Porcher / MULTILINGUAL MULTISCRIPT PLANT NAME DATABASE
(5)
Solanum kurzii Brace ex Prain / Solanaceae Source / Catalogue of Life: 30 May 2012
(6)
A Solanum From Siam in the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus. / H A Bulger / Experimental Biology and Medicine, May 14, 1930;/ https://doi.org/10.3181/00379727-27-5039
(7)
Sorting Solanum names / Authorised by Prof. Snow Barlow / Maintained by: Michel H. Porcher / MULTILINGUAL MULTISCRIPT PLANT NAME DATABASE / Copyright © 1997 - 2000 The University of Melbourne.
(8)
Scanning Electron Microscopic Study on Hair types as Taxonomic Character in Thai endemic Solanum /
Aree Thongpukdee*, Chockpisit Thepsithar / Journal of the Microscopy Society of Thailand 24 (2), 73-77 (2010)
(9)
Antihypertensive Effect of Ethanol Extract of Solanum
sanitwongsei Craib. Fruit in Hypertensive Wistar Rats / Denny Aminunsyah, Aminah Dalimunthe, Urip Harahap* / International Journal of ChemTech Research, Oct-Nov 2014; 6(11): pp 4832-4835
(10)
Acute Toxicity Study Of Ethanolic Extract Of Solanum sanitwongsei Craib Fruits on Mice
/ Ernawati, Tri Bintarti / International Journal of PharmTech Research, Aug 2015; Vol 8, No 4: pp 642-647
(11)
TEST DIURETIC EFFECT OF ETHANOL EXTRACT OF INGGIR-INGGIR’S FRUIT (Solanum sanitwongsei Craib) ON WHITE MALE RATS / Universitas Sumatera Utara
(12)
The cytotoxic test and apoptotic of Solanum sanitwongsei Craib against HeLa cells
/ Sri Wastuti*, Edy Suwarso, Pandapotan Nasution / International Journal of PharmTech Research, 2014-2015; Vol 7, No 1: pp 16-21,

It is not uncommon for links on studies/sources to change. Copying and pasting the information on the search window or using the DOI (if available) will often redirect to the new link page. (Citing and Using a (DOI) Digital Object Identifier)

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